Why and How Censorship Lead to Ignorance in Young People - Free Essay Example

When my 8th grade English teacher told me that To Kill a Mockingbird had been banned in many middle school classrooms in America I was shocked. I later learned that this was because of the strong racial themes present in the time that the story takes place, the 1930s. Though before then I had never heard of the idea of books being banned. I thought that the schools who banned the book were making a grave error in banning such a good and educational book; I mean, if I’m allowed to learn about those ideas in my History class, then why should those ideas be banned in my English class? For this reason and many more, banning books in high school libraries limits education and causes young people to become ignorant of the sometimes harsh realities of life. Though Ray Bradbury is against the censorship of books, in Fahrenheit 451 the fire chief, Beatty, makes the argument that many censored books contain controversial ideas which upset certain groups of people: â€Å"Dont step on the toes of the dog-lovers, the cat-lovers, doctors, lawyers, merchants, chiefs, Mormons, Baptists, Unitarians, second-generation Chinese, Swedes, Italians, Germans, Texans, Brooklynites, Irishmen, people from Oregon or Mexico. The people in this book, this play, this TV serial are not meant to represent any actual painters, cartographers, m echanics anywhere. The bigger your market, Montag, the less you handle controversy, remember that! All the minor minor minorities with their navels to be kept clean† (54). This quote is from Beatty’s conversation with Montag about how things came to be the way they are in the society of F451. While this is a valid argument, Bradbury disproves this argument when later in the book Faber makes the argument that without controversial ideas people stop wanting information about the world at all if it isn’t happy news which forms a bubble around each individual which â€Å"protects† them from reality: Patience, Montag. Let the war turn off the ‘families.’ Our civilization is flinging itself to pieces. Stand back from the centrifuge† (84). This is what causes the ultimate destruction of the main city of F451. In short, Bradbury argues that censorship ultimately leads to ignorance even among adults which shows that this argument would also hold true for teens. He is saying that this ignorance will ultimately lead to the destruction of society. A reason that many people give for the banning of controversial books in high school libraries is that they promote inappropriate ideas about sexuality. These ideas and themes include LGBTQ characters, nudity, rape, and other sexually explicit content (10 Reasons Books are Challenged and Banned). Many school administrators say that teens are too young to learn about these things. This argument is unsubstantiated because it doesn’t account for the fact that high school is the time when teens are supposed to be informed about these topics and learn how, though in the case of rape not, to do it. The argument that these sexual ideas are inappropriate is a false one because high school teens will soon be at the age when they will be able to experience those things; books containing this material can prepare teens to deal with those situations. Though the argument can be made that these books will corrupt teens perceptions of these topics when combined with a sexual education class where students are free to ask questions this will not happen. If the high school doesnt offer sex ed then students can always come to their parents with questions. If these books are read in tandem with a sexual education class or with the help of a parent, teens will understand the book even better and learn what is and isn’t acceptable. These school administrations, as stated perfectly by Sherman Alexie in his article titled: Why the Best Kids Books Are Written in Blood, are simply trying to protect their privileged notions of what literature is and should be (Alexie 2). Finally, controversial books shouldn’t be banned in high school libraries because while peopl e may say that themes of rape, racism, physical abuse, drugs, and alcohol might cause teens to start doing those things (10 Reasons Books are Challenged and Banned), they are underestimating the capacity of high school students to understand what they are reading. When a high school student reads a book, they already have shown that they are interested in seeking information or learning about a story. While reading YA novels, or novels in general, usually students will take the themes exhibited in the book and think about them. When some of the aforementioned ideas or themes appear in books while reading teens have a chance to think about the topic and usually, the story shows the reader how badly people’s lives are impacted by their bad choices. For example, in the book Thirteen Reasons Why, there are strong themes of suicide as this is what the story centers around. When reading this book high school students wouldn’t be inclined to kill themselves as the book doesn’t encourage suicide; if anything, it allows teens who are contemplating suicide to think about their decision and if it’s really worth it. To finish, censorship of books in high school libraries is something that limits the growth of students intellectually and sexually. Censorship also limits the capacity, ability, and will of teens to think for themselves about controversial topics; it prevents them from accessing novels that contain ideas that will help them form a well-advised opinion. Young adult books allow students to learn about these things by providing examples of what not to do and the outcomes of those actions. In addition, the cultural critics who are advocating for these bans are assuming that high school teens arent ready for the strong, explicit themes present in young adult novels (10 Reasons Books are Challenged and Banned); this ideology, as stated previously, displays great ignorance on the part of the critics. Hopefully, this paper has shown at least some of the reasons why and how censorship is something that will ultimately lead to ignorance in young people and a lack of education about the explicit ideas and themes seen in YA novels and, more importantly, the real world. Works Cited Banned Books Week, American Library Association, December 11, 2012. https://www.ala.org/advocacy/bbooks/banned (Accessed January 8, 2019) Gomez, Betsy. â€Å"10 Reasons Books Are Challenged and Banned.† Banned Books Week, The Banned Books Week Coordinator and the ALA Office for Intellectual Freedom, 26 Sept. 2018, bannedbooksweek.org/10-reasons-books-are-challenged-and-banned/ (Accessed January 8, 2019) Bradbury, Ray, and Neil Gaiman. Fahrenheit 451. Simon Schuster Paperbacks, an Imprint of Simon Schuster, Inc., 2018. Sherman Alexie Article Alexie, Sherman. â€Å"Why the Best Kids Books Are Written in Blood.† The Wall Street Journal, 9 Jun. 2011, https://www.ncte.org/library/NCTEFiles/Involved/Action/censorship/Authors-Rationales/Alexie_Sherman_BestKidsBooksWritteninBlood.pdf

Hinduism Have Many Gods - Free Essay Example

Some people might wonder which popular religion has the largest number of gods. The answer, of course, is Hinduism. The intriguing main religion of India, Hinduism, is an incredibly complex religion involving many gods, practices, and beliefs. Even to this day, no one knows the exact origin of the Hindu religion. It has no defined founder or theology. However, it is believed to have gradually developed when Aryan Indo-Europeans invaders northern India in the 1500s. As stated on www.bbc.co.uk, the term Hinduism came from the word Indus, which is the name of an ancient Indian river. However, this is not actually the official and true name of the religion. The true name is Sanatana Dharma, which means The eternal way. The religion itself is believed to have come out of Brahmanism, another similar belief system. It is a highly pantheistic religion, and is deeply involved in self salvation and meditation. In Hinduism, there are more than one main deity. In fact, there are thousands! All are believed to be aspects of one universal force in the cosmos that is called Brahmin. However, there are several more prominent deities that many Hindus pay homage to. Much like Seventh-day Adventism, Hindus have their own version of the trinity. According to Hindu beliefs, Brahma periodically creates everything in the universe. After the creation of the universe, Vishnu is believed to then maintain order and harmony. Lastly, Shiva is thought to destroy the universe in preparation for creation again by Brahma(www.dummies.com). Two other minor goddesses, Saraswati and Lakshmi, representing learning and good fortune respectively, are also widely worshipped by students before exams and for many other purposed as well. However, there are still many, many more gods that are worshipped by Hindus, all symboling and representing different aspects of nature and the natural laws of the world. This alone shows one aspect of the true complexity of Hinduism as a religion. Hindus believe that their religion is more of a belief system rather than a religion as the world views it. They put far more credit to what a person does over what they believe in. One example of this would be the concepts of Karma and reincarnation. Karma is by definition the passing through the cycle of life depending on the way one has lived in their previous life (www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk). Simplified, this means that the actions, good or bad, that one performs during their lifetime will determine what an individual will reincarnate into in their next life. Any and all misfortunes or other tragedies in life are thought to be the results of ones actions in a previous life. This, in turn, translates to another aspect of the beliefs of Hinduism. They believe that all things in this world, animate or inanimate, are connected through a divine essence, and all powerful force they call Brahman. Therefore everything, whether it be a person, animal, rock, or tree, has a soul and is capable of reincarnating into anything else. This cycle of death and birth is known as Samsara. Thus, anything or anyone is never above nor below anything or anyone else. The highest and most strived for goal for Hindus is to achieve oneness with Brahman. This oneness is called Moksha. In short, Moksha is a release of the soul from rebirth. However, achieving Moksha is only one aspect of life for the average Hindu. Moksha is one of four main laws of Hinduism: Moksha, Dharma, Artha, and Karma. There are four ways, or paths, to achieve Moksha. First is the Path of Knowledge. This path leads a person to Moksha through spiritual knowledge of the relationship between the soul and Brahman. The second path is known as the Path of Meditation. This path focuses on the self within and how to use that inner self to become one with Brahman. Thirdly is the Path of Devotion. This path promotes serving a particular god or goddess, which are all viewed as different aspects of Brahman, to worship throughout their lives. Lastly is the Path of Good Works, which includes doing all duties and tasks in life correctly and well. After Moksha is Dharma. This law is the concep t of how one leads their life. It encourages respect for ones elders and holds marriage in high regard. Next is Artha, or the seeking of material gain through lawful practice (www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk). Simply out, this means to seek out and gain money and other work fly comforts through hard work and honesty. Lastly is Karma. As stated earlier, karma is how the good acts of your life determine what you will reincarnate into in the next life. A person will either reincarnated to a lower or higher level depending on this. There are many important texts that demonstrate the beliefs and lives of a Hindu. Some if which include the Veda, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, the Puranas, and Bhagavad Gita. The Veda is known as the book of wisdom and knowledge and is filled with many hymns, prayers, and ritual texts while other texts, such as the Ramayana, Puranas, and Mahabharata, tell stories of a well-known, righteous Hindu king and the deeds, Hindu gods and goddesses, and of the Aryans respectively. In contrast, the Upanishads contain teachings of men and the universe as well as the concept of atman, a concentration on the self and the soul. However, none of these texts are as well known as the Bhagavad Gita, or the Song of the Blessed Lord. This text is considered one of the most sacred texts in the Hinduism religion and is the most widely read out of all of them. It focuses on the concept of Bhakti, which is the idea of devotion to a particular god or goddess for salvation (www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk ). It also addresses the idea that if mans duty will bring sorrow to all if it is carried out. This means, in short, that a persons natural duties and behaviors on their own will bring sorrow to themselves and others. Hence, a person should follow a god and perform good deeds in hope to achieve a higher level of reincarnation and eventually achieve Moksha. Hindus worship at many different places, including but not limited to: shrines, at home, or at work. It is common to find shrines, which are typically a small altar next to a statue or picture of a god or goddess, in a Hindu familys home or workplace. Oftentimes, familys will even worship together, repeating prayers, offering gifts of water, fruit, flowers, or other things to a god, or even meditating. The most common, however, is the communal worship, where groups of Hindus will gather in a ceremony called the Mandir. This is similar to the way that families worship together, but is in a much larger group. There are three main practices of the Hindu people. This includes Puja, an offering to the gods, cremation of all Hindu dead, and the following of the caste system. These all are considered very important, and must be respected and maintained (www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk). As mentioned above, the caste system is considered a very important part of Hinduism. The caste system refers to the occupational class of a member of society. It is organized like a pyramid. The higher one is in the system, the more luxuries a person has. The lower, the fewer luxuries and greater the need and poverty. Similarly to a pyramids structure, there are far fewer at the top than at the bottom of this system. There are five main groups that are clearly defined in this caste system. At the top are the Brahmins, or the priests that oversee worship and offerings. Just below them are the Kshatriyas, or the soldiers and king-warriors or rulers. Next are the Vaishyas; the merchants and other middle-class workers. One step down from them are the Sutras, or the common laborers and craftspeople. At the very bottom are the Harijans, or the untouchables. These people are incredibly poor and are viewed as the scum of society, whether or not they are actually bad people. This system can, unfortunately, create widespread discrimination and other large social problems. Even though it was outlawed in 1948, it is still viewed by many Hindus as the proper way of categorizing society (www.bbc.co.uk). If one were to compare Hinduism to the Seventh-day Adventist religion, they would find few, but still prevalent, similarities. As mentioned above, the first and most prominent of which would be the trinity of Hinduism: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. These three gods are always viewed as a group that rules over the cosmos and performing three different tasks; periodically creating, preserving, and destroying the universe. Another similarity would be some of the life morales promoted by Hindus such as kind to others, respecting ones elders, and valuing and remaining loyal in marriage. They also gather together at times to worship together, and will often do so within their own families and community. There are many more differences between Hinduism and Seventh-day Adventists than there are similarities. The most prevalent being the fact that Hindus have thousands upon thousands of gods. As mentioned above, they do have their own version of a trinity, but this trinity is not seen as one entity or as the omnipotent force in the universe. They are simply three more important gods out of many that represent three aspects of Brahmin, the overall force that permeates the universe. Another large difference is the mindset of the Hindus. They look at themselves and focus the majority of their actions on themselves and on what they can do. They see mans problem as ignorance of its own divinity, or equality with everything else due to karma and reincarnation. This, in turn, is the reason for sin and evil existing in the world. As such, Hindus believe that in order to erase evil from the world, humans must achieve enlightenment of their own divinity and become one with Brahmin. Hinduism is indeed an incredibly complex religion with many different gods, practices, and beliefs. However, some of the values of it are worth examining by any person, Seventh-day Adventist or not. Every religion should be looked at thoroughly before making any decision on how to view them, for anyone can learn something from anothers perspective.

Chicano Men A Cartography Of Homosexual Identity And...

Professor Gutierrez Course 15752 22 October 2015 Chicano Men: A Cartography of Homosexual Identity and Behavior Chicano men identify their sexual identity and sexual orientation based on what is more important to them: To identify as Chicano gay or as a gay Chicano? Chicano gay men emphasize on ethnicity while Chicano Gay men identify with their orientation. The primary difference between a Chicano gay man and a European-American gay man is how they define homosexuality. In the United States, homosexuality is defined as â€Å"the biological sex of the person toward whom sexual activity is directed.† (Almaguer 257). A man who is physically involved in sexual relations with another man automatically gets his identity questioned. In contrast, a Mexican man will define homosexuality as â€Å"the act one wants to perform with another person (of either biological sex).† Mexican/Latin-American has a sexual system that focuses primarily in passive and aggressive. Primarily, there is very little to no research done on Chicano homosexuality. This is not to say that Chicano gay men don†™t exist but most research that has been done is autobiographical. Since Chicano and Mexican population share many cultural patterns, we turn our attention to Mexican homosexuality and infer that Chicano homosexuality will also share many patterns as well. Chicana lesbianism has been documented more often and both are similar in which both sexual deviances face the same challenges when facing their families.

Understanding the SQ3R Study Strategy

SQ3R is an  active reading  exercise that is designed to help you get a fuller understanding of your reading materials. You will need to keep a pen and some paper on hand to use this method.  SQ3R stands for: SurveyQuestionReadReciteReview Survey The first step of SQ3R is to survey the chapter.  Survey  means to observe the layout of something and get an idea of how it is constructed.  Skim  over the chapter and observe the titles and subtitles, take a look at the graphics, and make a mental note of the overall layout. The survey of the chapter gives you an idea of what the author considers most important. Once you have surveyed the chapter, you will have a mental framework of the reading assignment. Jot down any words that are in bold or italics. Question First, jot down questions that address the chapter titles and boldface (or italicized) words youve noted. Read Now that you have a framework in your mind, you can begin to read for deeper understanding. Start at the beginning and read the chapter, but stop and write down additional sample test questions for yourself as you go, fill-in-the-blank style. Why do this? Sometimes things make perfect sense as we read, but not so much sense later on, as we try to remember. The questions you form will help the information stick in your head. You may also find that the question you write matches the teacher€™s actual  test questions. Recite When you reach the end of a particular passage or section, quiz yourself on the questions you’ve written. Do you know the material well enough to answer your own questions? It’s a good idea to read and answer aloud to yourself. This can be a great learning strategy for auditory learners. Review For best results, the review step of SQ3R should take place a day after the other steps. Go back to review your questions, and see if you can answer them all easily. If not, go back and review the survey and the reading steps.

The Effects Of Television Violence On Children - 915 Words

Introduction Today violence is the gold of television. Violence has become a high demand by the viewers. The more violence equals more views which equals more demand. According to Hamilton (2002), â€Å"Children are not the target of advertisers on most violent programs. But their exposure to violent images can lead to social damages not factored into decisions about when to air programs and where to draw the line on content† (p. 18). The controversial debate that television violence influence children is nothing new. For more than thirty years this topic has presented itself with more than a thousand studies being conducted to test this theory. Major accredited researchers including the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the†¦show more content†¦In addition to desensitization children exposed to television, violence assumes that it is acceptable to use brutality to solve issues. Children mimic what they have seen in the media and apply it to a situation. Children often disregard the proper way to resolve a conflict and find their violent response okay and justifiable. In these circumstances, children are aroused by their actions and could desire to inflict more pain. Moreover, children’s perception of the world changes. They start seeing the world as a cruel and fearful place which causes them to be self-protective and not trust others. Studies have also shown that children who v iew violent media at a young age are more likely to show violence and aggressive behavior when they get older. Aggression and Television On average, children spend about four hours a day watching television. About 6 out of 10 television shows portray violence, usually glamorized, glorified or trivialized (Papalia Martorell, 2015). Researchers suggest that violent movies, video games, music videos, reality shows, and cartoons are to blame for both girls and boys aggression. Studies have shown that violence displayed on television arouses a child and causes aggressive behavior. They experiment with longitudinal studying; collecting data on the same person or people over the course of time. Using longitudinal studies, researchers have constructed three social cognitiveShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Television Violence on Children1315 Words   |  6 Pages Shortly after a Boston television station showed a movie depicting teenagers dousing a derelict with gasoline and setting him afire, six youths attacked a woman and set her on fire in an identical manner. Several months later, NBC televised Born Innocent, a made-for-television- movie, which showed the sexual violation of a young girl with a broom handle. Three days after this program aired, a group of girls committed a similar attack on another 9-year-old girl (â€Å"Wild† A20). These are justRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children1735 Words   |  7 Pageswatches approximately 23 hours of television weekly. Children spend more time watching TV than doing any other leisure activity. By the time they finish high school, most have spent more time in front of the TV than in the classroom (Strasburger, 1995). On average, a child will see 18,000 murders, robberies, bombings, assaults, and beatings in their years of watching television (Liebowitz, 1997). Not to mention all the food commercials. In today s society, the television is used for more than just entertainmentRead MoreTelevision Violence and Its Effect on Children867 Words   |  4 PagesTelevision Violence and Its Effect on Children The children of today are surrounded by technology and entertainment that is full of violence. It is estimated that the average child watches from three to five hours of television a day! (Neilson 1993). Listening to music is also a time consuming pastime among children. With all of that exposure, one might pose the question, How can seeing so much violence on television and video games and hearing about violence in in music affect a childs behaviorRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children1552 Words   |  7 Pagesleisure 2.8 hours of television a day. There is the constant outcry from parents and teachers that children are growing to be television-obsessed zombies, or that the exposure to violence from their favorite shows are going to cause aggressive actions. But if that is true, then how is it that we as adults are able to stop ourselves from murdering everyone we see, especially if we have so many television programs with violence as a feature? The effect that television violence has on us does not comeRead MoreEffects Of Television Violence On Children Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesEffect of Television Violence Program on Children Now more and more violence television shows appear on the screen. A lot of television shows will remind that is available for certain range of audience. Of course, elementary school student, mostly watch cartoon. However, the television production people will add violence into the show. This study aimed to demonstrate the gender-specific impact of violence-oriented television cartoons for children, and to identify the behaviors demonstrating thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesThis guest teaches your children to resolve conflicts through violence. The guest baby sits your kids and teaches them principles you don’t agree with. Does watching violence in TV is harmful for your children? Is it Ok to let the 2 year olds watch TV unsupervised? No says the American replacing baby sitters? Hypothesis: Extensive viewing of television violence causes children to behave in aggressive or harmful ways to others. Children model behavior they see in the media, she wrote in 1993. IfRead MoreEffects of Television Violence and Children3538 Words   |  15 PagesEffects of Television violence and Children Outline: I.THESIS STAEMENT: Although the television serves as a form of entertainment, when you abuse its use, and make it a habit to watch, it gives negative effects on the behavior of children especially in their brain’s development. II. PORPUSE OF THE RESEARCH III. INTRODUCTION IV. HIPOTHESIS amp; METHOD A. CHILDREN QUESTIONNAIRE 1. HOW IT CAN AFFECT VIEWER’S BEHAVIOUR 2. CHILDREN RESPONSES B. EFFECTS amp; RESULTS 1. NEGATIVE EFFECTS a. Behavior ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children978 Words   |  4 PagesTelevision has become one of the most, if not the most, used form of entertainment for all ages. Every TV show has some kind of age limit whether it’s rated G or R, it’s not always easy for parents to moderate what their children are watching. Young children are very moldable, not only by the people around them, but what is on TV. I have conducted an experiment to see how much violence and aggression are in everyday television shows that children are likely to watch. I have watched three differentRead MoreThe Effects of Television Violence on Children Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pages Thesis Statement: Unsupervised children who watch violence on television exhibit violence in their everyday lives and develop into aggressive adults. â€Å"Research shows that television violence increases levels of aggression, fear, and desensitization among some who consume it† (Hamilton). This quotation by James Hamilton briefly summarizes the potentially negative effects of television on young minds. A child’s favorite television show can keep a child occupied while the mother preparesRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Television Violence on Children712 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effects of Television Violence on Children According to the Article ?Violence on Television? published by the American Psychological Association at the website http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/violence.html, ?violent programs on television lead to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch those programs.? Thats the word from a 1982 report by the National Institute of Mental Health, a report that confirmed and extended an earlier study done by the Surgeon General. As a result of

Essay on Police Discretion - 1425 Words

Police Discretion Discretion, uncertainly, and inefficiently are rampant and essential in criminal justice. Nobody expects perfection. That would neither be good nor fair. Justice is a sporting event in which playing fair is more important than winning. Law enactment, enforcement, and administration all involve trading off the possibility of perfect outcomes for security against the worst outcomes. Policing is the most visible part of this: employees on the bottom have more discretion than employees on the top. Philosophers such as Ronald Dworkin and H.L.A. Hart have referred to discretion as â€Å"the hole in the doughnut† (doughnut theory of discretion) and â€Å"where the law runs out† (natural law theory). In perspective,†¦show more content†¦Discretion-as-license—discretion is the opposite of standard expectations. It’s the privilege to go against the rules, disobey your superiors, be less than optimal or perfect all the time, all without degenerating the rules or eroding the trust between you, your superiors, or the public. License involves a sense of accountability that does not have to be formally recognized or structural. Discretion is not doing as you please. Discretion is bounded by norms. The future of policing as a profession depends upon whether discretion can be put to good use. Two problems impending police professionalization, however, in that there are few uncontroversial areas in police work, than in other professions. Sometimes the public wants no enforcement, and other times they want strict enforcement. Citizens will scream false arrest in the first case, and some groups may file a write of mandamus in the second case. Decision elements are grouped into three categories and summarized below: Offender variables—police take adult complaints more seriously than those made by juveniles. Arrest and force is more likely to be used against African Americans. Citizens who show deference (good demeanor) toward police are treated more leniently. People in middle upper incomeShow MoreRelatedPolice Discretion1244 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Police Discretion Jocelyn Golphin University of the District of Columbia Criminal Justice System 2/21/2014 Golphin 2 Police discretion is a very important approach in matters concerning criminal justice. There has been a consistent problem between enforcing the law and the spirit of the law. Discretion in the broader sense can be defined as the individual’s ability to make a decision basing on the principle of courses of the action. During trainingRead MorePolice Discretion1050 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Discretion Police discretion is the ability to choose a course of action because of broad limits of power. It refers to the autonomy an officer has in choosing an appropriate course of action (The Police In America, 113). It includes authority to decide which of the various means of helping the helpless, maintaining order, and keeping the peace are best suited to particular circumstances (www.worldandi.com/specialreport/1989/january/Sa15878.htm). The police need to have discretionRead MorePolice Discretion1548 Words   |  7 PagesPolice Discretion David Gonzalez University of Phoenix Introduction to Policing CJA/370 Professor John W. Feltgen June 23, 2005 Abstract In this paper I will discuss police discretion and the use of these discretionary powers in the law enforcement workplace. I will explore the mythical aspects of police discretionary powers and the source of this myth. I will further discuss the control of discretionary authority. I will name instances of law enforcement officials using their discretionary powersRead MorePolice Abuse Of Discretion And Discretion2015 Words   |  9 Pages Police Abuse of Discretion William Powell Jr. American Military University Professor Robert Arruda CMRJ303 Criminology January 17, 2014 Abstract Utilizing the research from several sources and personal experience, this paper will discuss police abuse of discretion. The paper will begin by defining discretion. The paper will examine several types of discretion variables. The paper will discuss its use in the field and office settings. The paper will discussRead MorePolice Discretion1418 Words   |  6 PagesPolice discretion by definition is the power to make decisions of policy and practice. Police have the choice to enforce certain laws and how they will be enforced. Some law is always or almost always enforced, some is never or almost never enforced, and some is sometimes enforced and sometimes not (Davis, p.1). Similarly with discretion is that the law may not cover every situation a police officer encounters, so they must use their discretion wisely. Until 1956, people thought of police discretionRead MoreDefinition Of Discretion And Police Discretion2054 Words   |  9 PagesThe term discretion has several meanings the liberty to decide what should be done in a specific circumstance is one general universal definition. But when dealing with criminal justice and police work the description changes a bit. The criminal justice definition of discretion is Police discretion discusses the authority given to a police officer that allows him or her to decide how to best handle a certain situation. This is designed at increasing the flexibility of the criminal justice systemRead MorePolice Discretion2131 Words   |  9 PagesDiscretion is defined as the authority to make a decision between two or more choices (Pollock, 2010). More specifically, it is defined as â€Å"the capacity to identify and to document criminal and noncriminal events† (Boivin ump; Cordeau, 2011). Every police officer has a great deal of discretion concerning when to use their authority, power, persuasion, or force. Depending on how an officer sees their duty to society will determine an officer’s discretion. Discre tion leads to selective enforcementRead MorePolice Discretion2677 Words   |  11 PagesFrom a criminological perspective discretion can be defined as the authority granted by law to agencies and officials to act on their own considered judgement and conscience in certain situations; and each area of the legal system (judges, parliament and law enforcement) has its own discretion. Police discretion is the ability granted by the legal system to police offices, in certain situations, to act in a manner that allows authorities to make responsible decisions and individual choices or judgmentsRead MoreDisadvantages Of Police Discretion835 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 2 Discretion can be defined as the availability of choice of options or actions. We all use discretion each and every day with all the decisions we make in our day to day lives. With that being said police also use discretion but theirs have the ability to change people’s lives on the daily basis. They have to make those decisions each and every day not knowing how it will affect the person’s life. Discretion is something that is a very necessary part of police work. One of the reasonRead MoreEssay On Police Discretion1053 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Discretion is one of the many tool officers have a choice to use when making decision in enforcing the law. Officer have the option to use discretion were the officers see fit. They do not have to issue a citation or arrest in many cases a warning many be justified. Many of the outcomes could be determine by several factors which include the subjects attitude, the crime and the person past history. In some cases, a subjectà ¢â‚¬â„¢s social status and financial status in the community have also have

Accounting and Financial Analysis Report and Controlling

Question: Describe about the Accounting and Financial Analysis Report and Controlling. Answer: 1: The policy on the Financial Reporting states that controlling body of the company and all its groups related and connected exercised extreme control related to the Record, Preparation of the Annual Reports in true and fair value. They also have stated that despite all reports being done by the common chief executive and finance officer as a result of certain critical difficulties and lack of proper analysis there will be no absolute assurance in prevention of fraud or error in financial statements. (Riotinto, 2015). The management have in preparation of financial reports complied with all necessary framework laid by the government which are as follows: Proper System of Financial Reporting structure drafted by Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in order to have internal control effectiveness. The financial reports were all prepared with compliance to UK Companies Act, 2006 along with Australian Corporations Act, 2001. The Salary and Wages details are done as per the Regulation 11, Schedule 8 of Large and Medium Sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 along with Australian Corporations Act, 2001. The management for the purpose to have better systems as per Rules and ASX Rules Recommendations 7.3 have confirmed that the financial reports prepared by the company are as per the risk management, internal control, and financial reporting risk.(Asic, 2016). The group maintains the disclosure controls and procedures strictly in compliance with the Exchange Act Rule, 13-a-15(e) and use of this pattern. The system of any declaration control procedure in compliance with the Exchange Act, Rule 13a-15(b). The management, and all the accounting officers, managers, clerks along with other staff must be careful and take all necessary measures and exercise proper and correct judgements during the submission of all reports of accounts and supposed be acting with great clearness and transparency are required to maintain their ethical standards as per the profession desires. 2: The various legislations are to be used for the purpose of preparing any financial reports and statements. These legislations are done by the government of the country in order to maintain a control and observation of the businesses going on in the country to maintain an economic balance within the given framework. If there was no control then these companies would have done anything they wanted thus making the financial framework related to the business operations a free place to do anything they wanted to make gains for their personal requirement. Hence the requirement of the control part arises and the government tries to make certain guidelines for the businesses to follow and maintain financial reports in accordance to these legislative jurisdictions(Aasb, 2016). These legislative instruments mentioned in the policy of the Rio group are as follows: Detailed system structure formulated for Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) for checking the internal control effectiveness. The financial reports were all prepared with a purpose of adhering to UK Companies Act, 2006 and Australian Corporations Act, 2001(Legislation, 2001). The Wages and Salaries details are scripted by following guidelines of the Regulation 11, Schedule 8 of Large and Medium Sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 including Australian Corporations Act, 2001.(CorporationAct, 2016). The management for purpose of maintaining correct accounting system as per Regulations and ASX guidelines Recommendations 7.3 has confirmed that the financial reports prepared by the company is as per the risk related system development for better record keeping . This group maintains the disclosure controls and procedures strictly in compliance with the Exchange Act Rule, 13-a-15(e) and right use of pattern the system of declaration control procedure in compliance with the Exchange Act, Rule 13a-15(b). 3: AASB guidelines for maintenance of accounts and record keeping with the purpose of true and fair value were amended from 1st July, 2014. The framework can be stated as follows: The Framework is applied from 1 January, 2005 for annual reports from this date. The Framework is not for making accounting reports with an aim to just bringing out ordinary information related to the true and fair position of the business finances.(Aasb, 2015). The most important feature of this Framework is that it can supersede the following: SAC 2 Objectives of General Purpose Financial Reporting as per its issuance. SAC 3 Qualitative Characteristics of Financial Information as per its issue. SAC 4 Definition and Recognition of the Elements of Financial Statements as per its issue.. SAC 2, SAC 3 and SAC 4 remain effective until they overruled by these new guidelines of GPFS.(Aasb, 2016). The main purpose of this Framework is to set out clear guidelines for external people in preparation and presentation of the financial statements. These Framework related detailed guidelines are as follows: It helps AASB to prepare any proposed Australian Accounting Standards or AAS related guidelines and to review any in force AAS and also in evaluation of the proposed International Accounting Standards Board declarations. It also helps AASB to develop a uniform process of rules, systems of making accounts as per the fixed guidelines for producing correct accounts related reports and in reducing the different accounting treatments allowed by Australian Accounting Standards. It helps to prepare financial statements by applying topics which are not yet part of the Australian Accounting Standards. It helps auditors to decide whether a financial report prepared conforms to Australian Accounting Standards. It helps to understand the financial statements prepared with various informations are with conformity with the Australian Accounting Standards. It helps to understand the way is working on the AASB guidelines and approach in formulating Australian Accounting Standards. 4: The General Purpose Financial Statements or GPFS are required to include all disclosures by applying accounting standards. The companies which fall under the public accountability will be required to prepare the accounting statements where they need to list debt or equity or also need to declare the assets they are holding on behalf of others. The companies must consult to find the actual requirement of this GPFS through the consultation of AASB 1053 Application of Tiers of Australian Accounting Standards to find whether these companies are falling under public accountability category. Tier 2 financial statements are easy than others as in this type the number of disclosures reduce if they do not fall in the public accountability category. But the companies who are already preparing special purpose financial statements, they will be required to continue with the disclosures they were making till the introduction of GPFS. The impact of this new system will be mainly on those who ar e called SGEs or SGEs whose yearly consolidated total business earnings are $ 1 billion or more and they are taxed as companies which include all major types of business entities who are in global business with multinational presence. (Pwc, 2016). All entities including the subsidiaries within these groups are also considered as SGE. There may be non-corporate tax entities like individuals, discretionary and unit trusts may also be considered SGE although they dont have to report. The GPFS will now include some entities that were earlier relived from reporting requirements. These entities are as follows: Australian foreign company branches that do not have branch accounts. Foreign group subsidiaries that follow ASIC CO 98/98 small propriety companies but are controlled by foreign companies who are part of SGE then these companies will also have to start GPFS. The wholly owned subsidiaries that gets relief under ASIC CO 98/1418 wholly owned entities if the parent company files GPFS. Australian exempt propriety companies or those privately held but are SGEs. Reference: Aasb. (2016). Accounting Standards. Retrieved October 24, 2016, from Aasb: https://www.aasb.gov.au/About-the-AASB/For-students.aspx Aasb. (2015). Presentation of Financial Statements. Retrieved September 30, 2016, from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB101_07-15.pdf Aasb. (2016). The Standard-Setting Process. Retrieved September 30, 2016, from https://www.aasb.gov.au/About-the-AASB/The-standard-setting-process.aspx Asic. (2016, March 23). Users of financial reports. Retrieved October 24, 2016, from Asic: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/financial-reporting-and-audit/users-of-financial-reports/ CorporationAct. (2016). CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - NOTES. Retrieved September 17, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/notes.html Legislation. (2001). Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved September 09, 2016, from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00003 Pwc. (2016, February 25). New Financial Reporting Requirements for Private Businesses . Retrieved October 24, 2016, from Pwc: https://www.pwc.com.au/private-clients/publications/new-financial-reporting-requirements.pdf Riotinto. (2015). Governance framework and structure. Retrieved October 24, 2016, from Riotinto: https://www.riotinto.com/aboutus/governance-framework-and-structure-5229.aspx