How to Analyze a Free Falling Body Problem

One of the most common sorts of problems that a beginning physics student will encounter is to analyze the motion of a free-falling body. Its helpful to look at the various ways these sorts of problems can be approached. The following problem was presented on our long-gone Physics Forum by a person with the somewhat unsettling pseudonym c4iscool: A 10kg block being held at rest above the ground is released. The block begins to fall under only the effect of gravity. At the instant that the block is 2.0 meters above the ground, the speed of the block is 2.5 meters per second. At what height was the block released? Begin by defining your variables: y0 - initial height, unknown (what were trying to solve for)v0 0 (initial velocity is 0 since we know it begins at rest)y 2.0 m/sv 2.5 m/s (velocity at 2.0 meters above ground)m 10 kgg 9.8 m/s2 (acceleration due to gravity) Looking at the variables, we see a couple of things that we could do. We can use conservation of energy or we could apply one-dimensional kinematics. Method One: Conservation of Energy This motion exhibits conservation of energy, so you can approach the problem that way. To do this, well have to be familiar with three other variables: U mgy (gravitational potential energy)K 0.5mv2 (kinetic energy)E K U (total classical energy) We can then apply this information to get the total energy when the block is released and the total energy at the 2.0-meter above-the-ground point. Since the initial velocity is 0, there is no kinetic energy there, as the equation shows E 0 K 0 U 0 0 mgy 0 mgy 0E K U 0.5mv2 mgyby setting them equal to each other, we get:mgy0 0.5mv2 mgyand by isolating y0 (i.e. dividing everything by mg) we get:y0 0.5v2 / g y Notice that the equation we get for y0 doesnt include mass at all. It doesnt matter if the block of wood weighs 10 kg or 1,000,000 kg, we will get the same answer to this problem. Now we take the last equation and just plug our values in for the variables to get the solution: y0 0.5 * (2.5 m/s)2 / (9.8 m/s2) 2.0 m 2.3 m This is an approximate solution since we are only using two significant figures in this problem. Method Two: One-Dimensional Kinematics Looking over the variables we know and the kinematics equation for a one-dimensional situation, one thing to notice is that we have no knowledge of the time involved in the drop. So we have to have an equation without time. Fortunately, we have one (although Ill replace the x with y since were dealing with vertical motion and a with g since our acceleration is gravity): v 2 v 0 2 2 g( x - x 0) First, we know that v0 0. Second, we have to keep in mind our coordinate system (unlike the energy example). In this case, up is positive, so g is in the negative direction. v2 2g(y - y0)v2 / 2g y - y0y0 -0.5 v2 / g y Notice that this is exactly the same equation that we ended up within the conservation of energy method. It looks different because one term is negative, but since g is now negative, those negatives will cancel and yield the exact same answer: 2.3 m. Bonus Method: Deductive Reasoning This wont give you the solution, but it will allow you to get a rough estimate of what to expect. More importantly, it allows you to answer the fundamental question that you should ask yourself when you get done with a physics problem: Does my solution make sense? The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. This means that after falling for 1 second, an object will be moving at 9.8 m/s. In the above problem, the object is moving at only 2.5 m/s after having been dropped from rest. Therefore, when it reaches 2.0 m in height, we know that it hasnt fallen very fall at all. Our solution for the drop height, 2.3 m, shows exactly this; it had fallen only 0.3 m. The calculated solution does make sense in this case.

Reading Report on Disturbing Behaviors - 1135 Words

Reading Report on Disturbing Behavior Presented to Professor P. Gillen For YOUT 301-D01 LUO By Dana Peebles L25945367 July 11, 2015 Introduction Throughout the years, disturbing behavior amongst teenagers and young adolescents has become increasingly intense. Despite the fact that many of these youth are looking for ways to express themselves and cope with the aspects of everyday life, they still strive for godly influences and role models within their lives. As Christians, and people of faith, it is our job to not only pray with these individuals, but to also guide them towards the Scriptures and give them examples as well as options when it comes to dealing with the consequences of these disturbing†¦show more content†¦Knowing that the teens of the world today are God’s children, we must look at their behaviors and coping mechanisms and offer them the same assurance of Christ that the Bible has revealed to us. Throughout this book, its authors give biblical reproof by quoting Scripture and offering words of comfort that adults can then use as a tool when talking with teens about depression, sex, drugs, id entity, abuse, crime, entertainment, and much more. Personal Response When I say â€Å"much more,† I realize that there were only 17 out of the 53 behaviors that I didn’t personally identify with. That means, that 36 of these disturbing behaviors I have done myself. While I could tell you some stories, I am more excited about the fact that God wants to take me and use me personally to witness to the youth of today. By using my own story to connect with them, I can share my experience in some of the tough areas that they may face so they don’t have to feel like they are all alone. Growing up, I was a survivor of sexual abuse. Because of this, I became â€Å"numb physically and emotionally.† [1]. As a result, I â€Å"turned to drugs, alcohol, self-mutilation, binging and purging, promiscuity, lying, stealing, and even attempts at suicide.† [2]. My desire to â€Å"isolate and draw away from those of the opposite sex,† led me to be one of the many statistics of the â€Å"juvenile delinquent populationShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics Essay728 Words   |  3 Pagesand deeply about ethical issues in business and to arrive at conclusions that are supported by strongest possible arguments. Ethical principles are the rules of conduct that derive from ethical values. For example, honesty is a value that governs behavior in the form of principles such as: tell the truth, dont deceive, and dont cheat. In a business the ultimate goal is to achieve maximum profits. There are factors affecting at different levels of the business such as finance, technology, laborRead MoreViolent Video Games and the Effects on the Youth800 Words   |  4 Pagesand teenagers are video games, but what many people don’t know is that they are bad for them. Violent video games in particular have been proven to not be appropriate for the age groups that play them and to have a negative effect on school, social behavior, and increase aggression. Kids who play violent video games are influenced to ignore the consequences of violence. Anne Harding from CNN says that â€Å"when your exposed to violence day in and day out, it loses its emotional impact on you† (web). ThisRead MoreAttentention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD and What Can be Done About It967 Words   |  4 Pagestreatments. Non medicine treatments are divided into Biological and Psychosocial interventions. The objective of biological approach is to minimise childrens abrupt behavior, and enhancing their attentional skills. (Barlow Durand, 2012). The psychosocial approach is to improve children performance in school, minimizing crude behavior and their social relationship. Behavioral programme was introduced to assist both parents and children with ADHD. The purpose of the programme was to boast the attentionRead More Alcohol and the Family Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pagesmaking excuses and lying to hide the true actons of the alcoholic to seemingly protect her but actually he is simply allowing the destructive behavior to continue. In some cases the non-alcoholic parent may be harder for the kids to get along with than the alcoholic. He will probably feel worried and nervous because of his spouses embarrassing behavior and this may accidentally be transferred to the children. He will get upset over minor issues. The enabler may compromise his values, tell liesRead More The Role of Trust in Internet Privacy Essay examples1115 Words   |  5 Pagescompanies, but also the fact that she spent a lot of time one Saturday night last month reading about how to fertilize roses. More disturbing scenarios along the same lines could be imagined. However, although concern about privacy and security has long been the biggest issue with online shoppers#61630;particularly with the sanctity of their identification-related information#61630;a majority do not mind their behavior being watched if it allows their shopping experience to be customized. According toRead MoreThe Current Study Methods Of Speaking And Interacting With A Child1122 Words   |  5 Pagesneeds. By altering responses to a child’s behavior the goal was to decrease the severity of emotional impact on the child. Participant was a youth, age 10, who completed a self-report survey every week for five weeks. His behavior due to extreme mood changes was significantly affecting the other members of the household. Research in the area is abundant. Children with ADHD often cause those around them to have negative feelings due to unwanted behaviors. It is common for children with disordersRead MoreEssay On Boys DonT Cry1412 Words   |  6 Pagestrailer and it is relived that Brandon is not a boy but actually a girl. The argument between her and her cousin reveal Brandon no longer believes that he is a boy, and that even his mother used to â€Å"lock her up† presumably because of her transgender behavior. Brandon’s cousin kicks him out of his house for causing trouble, and we see old pictures of Brandon when he was a girl. It cuts to Brandon in a bar trying to drink away his troubles. He starts flirting with a girl at the bar, Candace buying herRead MoreEssay on Effective Approaches to Prevent Teen Pregnancy1181 Words   |  5 Pages Effective approaches to prevent teen pregnancy After reading numerous articles and abstracts in regards to the ever so intriguing topic of teen pregnancy, I’ve come to a conclusion which is a little different than I had expected. Before reading any of the literature on teen pregnancy, I was under the assumption that the sex education classes provided in school were an extremely effective weapon against unwanted teenage pregnancies. Of the literature references that I’ve used and those of whichRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Never Just Pictures By Susan Bordo902 Words   |  4 PagesFrom an extremely young age, American children are being taught that women in movies and on the covers of magazines possess the ideal figure. The author states â€Å"Children are being taught†¦being fat is the worst thing one can be† (Bordo 1). This is disturbing to say the least. There many attributes worse than being overweight: dishonest, cruel, and murderous to name a few. Bordo also uses an example in the first paragr aph of her essay that is appalling. Alicia Silverstone, the lead role in Clueless,Read MoreEssay on Windshield Survey1110 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity in the past and modified in the future† (p. 397). For me this means these people generally have the same of similar beliefs and values. Community health is described as â€Å"the meeting of collective needs by identifying problems and managing behaviors within the community itself and between the community and larger society† (p. 401). My understanding of community as the client is the care given has the potential to affect the whole community not just one family. Nurses can provide education

Teaching as a profession has changed drastically Free Essays

This is besides a timely issue in southern Florida since one of its school territory ‘s gained national attending late because parents used a societal computing machine web forum to develop the group TINT ( Testing is Not Teaching ) . This grassroots organisation was started by parents who felt that their kids were being overly tested in the public school system. The parents were joined by instructors and pupils and used the societal web to form protests and mass meetings. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching as a profession has changed drastically or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two of the groups purposes were to hold the CAO ( Chief Academic Officer ) removed from his place, along with the Superintendent who hired him. The group felt that the CAO was passing out a â€Å" written plan † , particularly in reading, that all instructors were mandated to follow. This plan was designed to increase trial tonss on the FCAT ( Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test ) , given to all pupils in classs 3 through 10. In the terminal both the CAO and Superintendent resigned and TINT is now closely watching local and national developments in instruction. In this epoch of high bets proving, territories, schools and instructors depend on the success of their pupils ‘ success on standardised trials. These trials are correlated with national and province criterions and are farther broken down by benchmarks. These benchmarks provide the guidelines for the content instructors cover during the school twelvemonth. Research has shown that effectual instructors participate in the planning and implementing of the course of study but the authorizations from the Federal, province, and local authoritiess take the ownership of learning off and replace it with a course of study that is out of their control. This instance survey will look at the effects of the high-stakes testing motion on single instructors and analyze the functions and duties these instructors believe they have in fixing their pupils for the high-stakes testing. This instance survey was designed to analyze the relationship between the execution of increased high bets proving and teacher efficaciousness and to reply the inquiry do teacher believe they have a function or any duty in determining instructional schemes in fixing their pupils for taking high bets trials? The focal point was on analyzing what educational patterns are working to increase instructor efficaciousness with province mandated standardised testing and looking at schools which have implemented successful plans to help instructors. Three instructors will be interviewed to determine their position in determining instructional schemes within their school that prepare their pupils for the province mandated trials. This qualitative research designed instance survey will interview three instructors in public schools in a territory in South Florida. The interview inquiries will be predetermined and the topics will hold the chance to read these inquiries before being interviewed. There will be four inquiries for each one to reply. These inquiries will be developed by the interviewer and concentrate on the instructor ‘s function sing high bets proving and if it has changed their instruction patterns. They will besides be asked what function they have in their peculiar school in determining instructional schemes for their pupils to win on these trials. The interviewer will both transcribe and tape all the interviews and after the written text is complete it will be given to the instructors for their reappraisal. History of testing: The construct of aptitude testing was introduced during World War II as a method of happening the best and most intelligent soldiers for the United States military, ( Schmidt 2008 ) . In the old ages after the war these trials became incorporated into the American society as a manner to happen persons with superior scholarly capablenesss. The SAT was adapted from Yerkes ‘ trials for the military and was used by colleges and universities as one factor in finding admittances to their installations. By the 1960 ‘s SAT scores began to worsen, raising political and public concerns about the quality of the state ‘s educational system. Before this diminution, many Americans held a positive position of public instruction in the United States. American instruction was thought to both work out society ‘s jobs and besides endeavor to include pupils from diverse backgrounds, ( West A ; Peterson, 2003, p. 4, as cited in Schmidt, 2008 ) . After publication of the diminutio n in trial tonss, many Americans became concerned with the province of the American educational system. The standardised testing motion is the consequence of the a series of jurisprudence ‘ passed by the state ‘s Presidents, climaxing in 2001 with the transition of No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) , by so president George W. Bush. The authorizations of NCLB have proved to be controversial although basic end was â€Å" aˆÂ ¦to create an inducement for pedagogues to guarantee that no one pupil, or group of pupils, is left behind in their reading, linguistic communication, and mathematics abilities † . NCLB had legion demands that provinces and school territories had to follow in order to have federal support. The foundation of the NCLB jurisprudence is that provinces must make AYP ( Annual Yearly Progress ) each twelvemonth. The jurisprudence specified that every province â€Å" aˆÂ ¦must develop, and incorporate into their course of study, a standards-based answerability plan that demonstrates student proficiency degrees in the nucleus capable countries of rea ding, linguistic communication humanistic disciplines, and mathematics † ( Schmidt, 2008 ) . These proficiency degrees are measured by standardised trials given to all pupils one time a twelvemonth and these trials had to be approved by the Department of Education prior to being given ( Abernathy, 2007, p.5 ; Sunderman et. al. , 2005, p. 5 ) . By carry oning one-year testing, territories can closely supervise the advancement, or deficiency thereof, of pupils. No Child Left Behind was the latest reproduction of President Lyndon Johnson ‘s reform of educational reorganisation known as the ESEA ( Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ) . Both steps stressed the thought that public instruction â€Å" aˆÂ ¦requires a federal presence to guarantee academic advancement and academic equality for all pupils † . Schmidt ( 2008 ) Since the ESEA was passed at that place have been alterations made to its base, with the latest being No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) The federal authorities has played an of import function in altering public instruction in the United States, the motive for these alterations in public schools were motivated because of concerns for America ‘s worsening trial tonss. The two chief drifts for alteration were worsening trial tonss on the Scholastic Aptitude Test ( SAT ) and the publication of A State At Risk by Terrance Bell. Three of import causes were named in the passing of the ESEA statute law. The first was the worsening public presentation of pupils on the SAT test. The second was studies conducted during this clip that repeatedly placed the United States in the lowest percentile of overall academic accomplishment when compared with foreign educational systems, ( West A ; Peterson, 2003, pp. 4-5 ; Nichols A ; Berliner, 2007, p. 4 ) . The 3rd factor was the relentless accomplishment spread that separated minorities and low-income pupils ‘ tonss from kids who came from a more affluent background. ( Nichols A ; Berliner, 2007 ; p.4. A ; Kantor, 1991, p. 51 ) . A State at Risk was published 18 old ages after the transition of the ESEA and was written by so Secretary of Education, Terrence Bell â€Å" Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Education Reform in America ( West A ; Peterson, 2003 p. 5 ; Berry, 1993, p. 215 ) . This study focused on the United States ‘ low academic accomplishment in malice of the federal authorities ‘s focal point on bettering pupil public presentation in public schools when the ESEA was passed. The study stated that, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the educational foundations of our society are soon being eroded by a lifting tide of averageness that threatens our really future as a State and a people † ( Bell, 1983 ) . Furthermore, the United States achieved a low academic rank when compared to other states and the authors of the study believed that America ‘s educational system was in demand of a drastic reform. The publication radius of a series of reforms that the writers believed would â€Å" aˆÂ ¦reverse the downward spiral of an unequal educational system, ( Schmidt, 2008 ) . The reforms included parental and community engagement at local schools, engaging instructors with advanced grades who were more motivated to learn, and a higher degree of engagement from all degrees of authorities. Although this publication did non excite any alterations on the federal degree, it still remained an of import factor in American public instruction. In 1994, so President Clinton passed a reauthorization of the ESEA called Goals 2000. This federal reform plan was ambitious in nature since it provided pecuniary inducements for public schools that implemented annually proving to demo student advancement towards proficiency, ( West A ; Peterson, 2003, p.7 ) . This plan provided Title 1 schools with â€Å" aˆÂ ¦federal support â€Å" for developing ‘local reformsaˆÂ ¦the developmen t of standardsaˆÂ ¦enhanced professional development, bettering in engineering, and alterations in administration for answerability † † with the end of increasing pupil public presentation in the aˆÂ ¦ † nucleus capable countries such as, reading and mathematics ( Fuhrman, 1994, p. 84 ) . Goals 2000 laid the basis for NCLB. It was during this clip that the term â€Å" answerability † became of import since it was used as an inducement for provinces to get federal financess. This thought was added to NCLB, but President Busch extended the significance by doing the relationship stronger between the federal, province, and local bureaus. Although the answerability measures set Forth by NCLB have proved to be controversial, its basic end of the Act was â€Å" aˆÂ ¦to create an inducement for pedagogues to guarantee that no one pupil, or group of pupils, is left behind in their reading, linguistic communication, and mathematics abilities † . NCLB had legion demands that provinces and school territories had to follow in order to have federal support. The foundation of the NCLB jurisprudence is that provinces must make AYP ( Annual Yearly Progress ) each twelvemonth. The jurisprudence specified that every province â€Å" aˆÂ ¦must develop, and incorporate into their course of study, a standards-based answerability plan that demonstrates student proficiency degrees in the nucleus capable countries of reading, linguistic communication humanistic disciplines, and mathematics † ( Schmidt, 2008 ) . These proficiency degrees are measured by standardised trials given to all pupils one time a twelvemonth and these trials had to be approved by the Department of Education prior to being given ( Abernathy, 2007, p.5 ; Sunderman et. al. , 2005, p. 5 ) . By carry oning one-year testing, territories can closely supervise the advancement, or deficiency thereof, of pupils. The standards-based instruction reform and answerability motion started in the mid-1980s and raised outlooks of public presentation for U.S. schools ( Buttram A ; Waters, 1997 ) . The province of Florida took the enterprise to better K-12 instruction and so Governor Jeb Bush instituted the A+ Plan in 1999. This program was created as a standards-based answerability system, concentrating on bettering the public presentation of all pupils, irrespective of their ethnicity, gender, poorness degrees, native linguistic communication or disablement position. The chief premiss of the A+ Plan was that â€Å" every kid can larn and no kid should be left behind † ( Executive Office of the Governor, nd. ) . A brief reappraisal of the literature found a clear division between research workers who found that standardised trials are good vs. those who believe these trials are damaging to education as a whole. Many writers began their Hagiographas by depicting the necessity of standardised testing in today ‘s schools. Bandalos ( 06 ) explained the demand for standardised testing within educational scenes today since these high-stakes trials are the method in which pupil acquisition is assessed and continuously evaluated by instructors, principals, and school territories. Bandalos besides stated that acquisition is the end in all of instruction and the function of appraisal is to assist professionals understand the degree of larning pupils have achieved. Hammeran ( 10 ) besides felt that it was possible to â€Å" learn to the trial † while still covering the of import course of study for a category. This writer studied learning a scientific discipline plan that was aligned to the National Science Education Standards ( NSES ) . She wrote that since the province criterions reflect the national criterions, and standardised trials reflect both the province and national criterions, so concentrating on learning to the trial would guarantee that pupils were having the of import content in scientific discipline category. The significance of the job is clearly discussed The significance of the inquiry of instructor beliefs in their function in determining instructional schemes to fix their pupils for proving is a timely one in the province of Florida. Performance-based appraisal is now compulsory in many schoolrooms but instructors and parents have become concerned about the genuineness of these appraisals and how assessment information can be used as formative feedback to better instruction and acquisition. Although these newer attacks are driven by a motive to do pupil appraisal informations more utile and meaningful than some traditional attacks this alteration was viewed as a positive progress by some research workers while others felt that it was hard to judge the theoretical benefits of these alterations or to get down to consistently research the nature of instructors ‘ schoolroom appraisal patterns. This trouble arises because research workers, protagonists, and specializers in school territories in the state have non arrived at a cons istent definition of what these footings mean or what these patterns look like ( Frey A ; Schmitt, 2007 ) . Coming to Footings With Classroom Assessment 2007 Bruce B. Frey-University of Kansas, Vicki L. Schmitt-Missouri State University Those who advocate for â€Å" aˆÂ ¦test-based accountabilityaˆÂ ¦ † argue that it increases pupil success by helping instructors to set more accent on the of import content in their capable country, provides wagess for good instruction, and produces informations that is used to do determinations about pupils, instructors, and schools. For such systems to work every bit intended, the policies must advance good direction, and any resulting additions in trial tonss must back up valid illations about increased pupil accomplishment. Research has shown that high-stakes testing does so act upon direction, but these effects are complex and consist both desirable and unwanted alterations in pattern. For illustration, instructors in territories or provinces where high bets are associated with trial consequences tend to concentrate on tried stuff and de-emphasize unseasoned stuff ( see Stecher, 2002 ) . Similarly, research indicates that the additions in tonss on high-stakes trials frequently generalize ill ( or non at all ) to other trials of the same sphere, raising uncertainties about the extent to which these additions provide valid grounds of improved pupil public presentation ( Klein, Hamilton, McCaffrey, A ; Stecher, 2000 ; Koretz A ; Barron, 1998 ; Koretz, Linn, Dunbar, A ; Shepard, 1991 ; Linn, 2000 ) . The literature on high bets proving is clear sing the history and development of these trials and how they are being implemented in school territories today. Conversely, the literature is divided into two factions-authors who believe that standardised testing is a good step of pupil acquisition and instruction, and writers who feel that high-stakes proving is a negative influence for instructors and pupils. The function that instructors believe they play in implementing in determining instructional schemes to fix pupils for proving is non a topic that has much coverage in the literature, but the branchings of † learning to the trial † is covered. The research inquiry is designed to understand the function instructors feel they play in determining instructional schemes to guarantee that their pupils achieve success on these compulsory province and authorities needed trials. These are the trials that they themselves are held accountable for the consequences by their schools and territories. If instructors feel they have no function in determining the direction for their ain pupils so for them it will be a affair of â€Å" learning to the trial † . If, on the other manus, they feel in control of direction the term â€Å" teacher efficaciousness † will be applicable to these instructors. Teacher self-efficacy refers to a instructor ‘s belief about his or her competency in holding a positive consequence on pupil larning accomplishment, Ashton, 1984 as cited in Denzilel, 2005. Prior research conducted in the field indicates that teacher self-efficacy is related to a instructor ‘s success in curriculum invention ( Berman A ; McLaughlin, 1977 ) , beliefs about pupils ‘ capablenesss ( Ashton, 1984 ) and intelligence ( Klein, 1996 ) , quality of pupil relationships ( Ashton A ; Webb, 1986 ) , assurance in working with parents ( Hoover- Dempsey, Bassler, A ; Brissie, 1987 ) , clip spent on academic acquisition ( Allinder, 1995 ) , self-efficacy of low-achieving pupils ( Midgley, Feldlaufer, A ; Eccles, 1989 ) , and the instructor ‘s ability to keep pupils accountable for their acquisition and public presentation ( Ashton A ; Webb, 1986 ) . In the original Rand surveies, teacher self-efficacy was measured by inquiring two inquiries: ( a ) ‘When it comes right down to it, a instructor truly ca n’t make much because most of a pupil ‘s motive and public presentation depends on his or her place environment ‘ , and ( B ) ‘If I try truly difficult, I can acquire through to even the most hard or unmotivated pupils ‘ . The first inquiry was hypothesized to measure instructors ‘ result outlooks, typically labeled learning efficaciousness ( TE ) . In contrast, the 2nd point was hypothesized to reflect personal instruction efficaciousness ( PE ) . From this position, TE relates to a instructor ‘s outcome outlooks and PE is based on the instructor ‘s judgements of his or her personal ability to act upon pupil acquisition. Early Rand research workers grounded teacher self-efficacy in Rotter ‘s ( 1966 ) venue of control concept and placed important accent on outcome outlook s and personal duty when construing efficaciousness tonss. Later, Ashton and Webb aligned the concept with a societal cognitive theoretical position of self-efficacy ( 1977, 1978 ) . In contrast to the venue of control position, the social-cognitive attack emphasizes the dealingss between efficaciousness beliefs and outcome outlooks. Harmonizing to Bandura, result and efficaciousness beliefs are related but can be conceptually and through empirical observation differentiated ( 1986, 1997 ) . For Ashton and Webb, TE and PE represent steps of result outlooks and efficaciousness outlooks, severally. Teacher efficaciousness can be affected by the function they play in fixing pupils for mandated standardised trials. Author Kenneth Vogler ( 2006 ) stated in his article that in the past instructors were merely accountable to their decision makers and local school boards. It was those local boards that developed the course of study every bit good as the criterions for their school system. Now, instructors, every bit good as decision makers, are being held accountable to the populace for the academic public presentation of pupils in their charge. Standardized testing is a world in south Florida and that fact is non altering in the foreseeable hereafter. Students, parents, and instructors have mobilized to alter the importance and weight of these trials, but there is still â€Å" FCAT blackout † where no schools are allowed to take field trips, no personal yearss are given to instructors, and no conferences are held by the territory. After the blackout comes â€Å" FCAT season † where schools are on practical lock-down until all the testing is complete. From personal experience, instructors are ranked by the additions their pupils made, particularly in reading, math, and scientific discipline. When the CAO was in office, each instructor received a â€Å" book † to be completed that twenty-four hours. Sometimes the day-to-day book was 15 pages or longer. All of the control was taken away with respect to instructional schemes and learning to the trial began on the first twenty-four hours of school. The resea rch says that this focussed instruction can be positive or negative. The focal point of this survey is to inquire instructors if they fell they have control fixing their pupils for these high-stakes trials and to analyze what works in their readying and which countries they feel they have no control in direction. The consequences will be good to both the school and territory as we struggle to equilibrate the ends set Forth by the authorities with our pupil ‘s single demands. Teachers ‘ RESPONSES TO HIGH-STAKES TESTING AND THE VALIDITY OF GAINS: A PILOT STUDY. Daniel M. Koretz CRESST/Harvard Graduate School of Education Laura S. Hamilton CRESST/RAND Education Coming to Footings With Classroom Assessment 2007 Bruce B. Frey-University of Kansas, Vicki L. Schmitt-Missouri State University British Journal of Educational Psychology ( 2005 ) , 75, 689-708, 2005 The British Psychological Society www.bpsjournals.co.uk. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Teacher Efficacy Scale for prospective instructors. Gypsy M. Denzine1* , John B. Cooney2 and Rita McKenzie3 1Northern Arizona University, USA 2University of Northern Colorado, USA 3Buena Vista University, USA How to cite Teaching as a profession has changed drastically, Essay examples

Financial Planning and Forecasting free essay sample

We have also provided comprehensive documentation on the templates so that you do not need to guess or figure out how we implemented the models. All our template models are only in black and white color. We believe this is how a professional financial template should look like and also that this is the easiest way for you to understand and use the templates. All the input fields are marked with the ‘*’ symbol for you to identify them easily. Whether you are a financial analyst, investment banker or accounting personnel. Or whether you are a student aspiring to join the finance world or an entrepreneur needing to understand finance, we hope that you will find this package useful as we have spent our best effort and a lot of time in developing them. ConnectCode Pg iii Financial Planning and Forecasting Version 1. 0 1. 1. 1 Financial Planning and Forecasting Pro Forma Financial Statements Financial statements projections and forecasting are very common in corporate financial analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Planning and Forecasting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason is that it is very useful and important to forecast how much financing a company will require in future years. The projections are achieved by using historical sales, accounting data and assumptions on future sales and costs. These financial statements projections are known financial modeling as Pro Forma financial statements. 1. 2 Financial Statements Modeling This spreadsheet provides a template for financial statements forecasting. It requires simple financial statements inputs from the past 5 years and will automatically generate all the necessary Pro Forma Financial Statements projections outputs. The following diagram illustrates the process of using this template for financial statements forecasting.

Therapeutic Recreation

Study Rationale The RT practice entails continued improvement of interventions including fitness programs to help improve care for developmentally and intellectually challenged people. This study draws from a research by Wilhite, Biren and Spencer (2012) that examines the impact of a fitness intervention on the disabled and their caregivers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Therapeutic Recreation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This study will examine the experiences of disabled adults and caregivers involved in the RT care within clinical settings. In medical practice, patient experiences of an intervention are crucial; they help improve care delivery through patient-focused care and enhanced communication. Often, documentation in RT practice entails a record of the patient’s leisure profile and a quarterly description of the patient’s past experiences in the RT program. The quarterly descript ion has six basic components that guide recreational therapists in providing care and are entered in the patient’s chart: (1) the goal of the treatment/intervention; (2) the intervention plan; (3) the RT practitioner’s views on the patient’s leisure profile; (4) the resident’s views; (5) the patient progress; and (6) future directions regarding the plan of care. The outlined procedure fails to incorporate the findings of Wilhite et al., (2012) study and thus, may not portray an accurate picture of the patient’s actual experiences. Wilhite et al., (2012) establish that RT intervention participants derive such benefits as lower level of stress, improved muscle tone and decreased weight (p.257). Thus, for patients participating in a particular RT activity, their experiences should be incorporated in the intervention planning process. This will help improve the quality of RT care for the disabled. Further, although most recreational therapists particip ate in routine rounding as other professionals, their perceptions regarding RT activities and leisure opportunities in residential care will help align RT practice to medical models. This will enable the RT practitioners to give patient care that not only focuses on recreational leisure but is also patient centered. Purpose of the Study The proposed study aims to provide a framework for intervention planning for adult disabled residents. It will identify appropriate RT activities and leisure opportunities in a geriatric care setting (Shank Coyle, 2002). In this regard, this study has two objectives; first, to find out the perceptions and views of RT professionals about the current organization of RT activities; and second, to explore the participating patients’ experiences regarding RT benefits. It is hoped that the findings will help develop a framework that reflects the patients’ experiences and is consistent with medical models of patient care. The findings will al so enable RT practitioners to describe the leisure opportunities in professional terms and enhance their ability to provide holistic, patient-focused care through improved communication.Advertising Looking for assessment on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A statement of the problem In healthcare, recreational therapy, which in the context of a care facility is the patients’ plan of care, is essential. It helps improve clinical practice by incorporating the views of caregivers and their patients into the care plan. Medical care plans also function as legal documents in case of a lawsuit, and therefore, should be prepared in all clinical settings (Navar, 1991). Most care plans are based on measurable patient or nursing outcomes of a given clinical intervention. According to Shank and Coyle (2002), a â€Å"systematically organized and process-focused plan is an important basis for quality patient careâ⠂¬  (p. 132). However, patient experiences are often not incorporated most care plans. In RT practice, very few studies have examined the organization/planning of RT interventions. Navar (1991) states that, in clinical settings, patient-focused care is rooted in the RT concept. However, often, RT practitioners offer limited patient-focused services because the RT frameworks employed are largely borrowed from the nursing profession. In the recreational therapy context, the RT activities, when expressed in measurable terms, help practitioners achieve the goals of the intervention. Also, by examining the current TR practices, practitioners will be able to provide quality patient care. Literature Review Modern nursing practice is generally grounded on the concept of human becoming (Shank Coyle, 2002). The concept entails patient involvement in his or her care planning (Richeson, 2003). The same theory has been adapted in TR practice, whereby patients’ views and experiences info rm practice. Based on the human becoming philosophy RT practitioners can develop organized interventions that incorporate patients’ perceptions and experiences (Ross Ashton-Shaeffer, 2003). Most providers have developed patient-focused care (PFC) models to guide the practice. Spring (2007) writes that patient-focused care entails a system of â€Å"health that is defined by the individual and the goal in practice is enhancing quality of life as defined by the person rather than the health provider† (p. 617). In the TR context, the choice of PFC model affects both the organization of care delivery and perspectives within the RT field (Mikhail et al., 2005).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Therapeutic Recreation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most providers aim to develop an effective and efficient RT practice simplified documentation in a manner that reflects patient needs by simplifying the documentation process in a manner that reflects patient needs (Mikhail et al., 2005). It also entails a shift in the caregivers’ beliefs and values to promote interaction as a basic tenet of PFC model. This helps to strengthen nurse-patient relationships in the care settings. It is important to note that, though the RT profession is largely patient-centered, evidence on how recreational therapy and leisure contribute to a more patient-focused care is limited (Whitman, Flynn Fritz, 2003). Nevertheless, research findings indicate that RT interventions reduce the level of stress, improve muscle tone, or decrease weight in patient participants (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 257). Also, the practitioner-patient interactions during RT activities improve the practitioners’ understanding of the patients’ unique needs so that the care plan is organized to reflect the realities of the patients. Clinical planning is a critical element of RT practice; however, the quality and c onsistency of organization often vary from one care facility to another (Shank Coyle, 2002). Various previous studies focus on ways of improving the quality of RT interventions to achieve improved patient outcomes. A study by Townsend, Cox and Li (2010), which involved interviewing of nurses, found that internal factors such as nurses’ perceptions, nursing or medical terminology and unclear theories prevent nurses from using developing nursing care plans for each patient. Also, factors such as clinical charting requirements and organizational values also affect care planning (Carter, Van Andel Robb, 2003). Studies also show that extrinsic factors such as lack of time, redundancy in charting and noise disruptions affect documentation and organization of RT activities. Thus, RT activities the disabled should be organized to reflect the dynamics of the RT field. In addition, evidence-based practice in recreational therapy promotes the quality of services to patients (Donnelly, 2005). Richeson and McCullough (2002) state that relying on research evidence is essential in RT in three ways: (1) research evidence helps in the design, delivery and assessment of the RT program; (2) use of evidence promotes the achievement of desired patient outcomes; and (3) evidence ensures that the care services are quality and up-to-date. Also, evidence can help facilitate accreditation and accountability in the RT field (Buettner Fitzsimmons, 2007). Besides evidence, practitioners should consider the client needs, health outcomes and the recreation activities, when developing an intervention program.Advertising Looking for assessment on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, it is imperative that RT professionals have relevant skills to help them to select interventions that will result in high patient outcomes (Kinney et al., 2004). Kinney et al., further state that the choice of the physical activities is essential in achieving positive treatment outcomes for a given RT program. Positive client outcomes indicate that the quality of service offered is high. Stumbo (2003) writes that positive patient outcomes are indications of the progress of the client, either mentally or physically, in the course of treatment. To achieve this, measurable outcomes must be identified, documented and disseminated to other health care professionals. RT professionals treat a number of health problems such as neurological impairment, orthopedic problems and psychiatric illnesses. Thus, to enhance treatment efficacy, the choice of the right intervention is important. Though there are a number of interventions used by RT professionals, the type of illness determin es the type of RT intervention to be used. Shank and Coyle (2002) write that RT practitioners can use different interventions for physically handicapped clients. Examples of health interventions in the RT field include; physical activity, self-expression, creative expression, social interaction and educational activities (Shank Coyle, 2002). Mind activities include meditation, aromatherapy, yoga, sensory stimulation and humor. Other RT interventions for the physically disabled involve physical activities such as exercises, swimming and exercise (Cameron et al., 2005). On the other hand, creative interventions include activities such as music, visual arts, dancing and storytelling. Self-expression interventions include reminiscence, spiritual therapy and adventure. A study conducted by Kinney, Kinney, and Witman, which involved a survey of 276 RT practitioners nationally established that the most common forms of interventions used by the respondents within the RT field include exerc ise, music, games, arts and activities of daily living (ADLs). The practitioners employed a number of facilitation approaches including leisure counseling, stress management, group therapy and reminiscence (Kinney et al., 2004). This implies that it is through a combination of RT approaches and activities that the health outcomes of physically handicapped residents can be improved. Hypothesis This study hypothesizes that a multifaceted RT intervention focusing on physical activities and leisure has more benefits to the disabled residents than a single approach. Findings from previous studies indicate that the participants derive such benefits as lower level of stress, improved muscle tone, or decreased weight (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 257). More importantly, the participants learn to interact with people who might not be closely familiar to them (Wilhite et al., 2012, p. 260). Thus, a multifaceted, patient-focused intervention has the potential of significantly improving the clients ’ health outcomes. Research Questions The analysis of various studies reveals that the organization of RT care or activities should involve various activities. RT care planning frameworks should be evidence-based and must provide for opportunities for leisure (Richeson McCullough, 2002). To meet the study’s objectives, this study will involve the following research questions: How should RT professionals organize recreation activities for the disabled residents, while providing opportunities for leisure? How do the RT practitioners perceive recreation activities in residential care settings? Do recreational therapy activities achieve higher patient outcomes than standard practice? Research Methodology This study will use an action research approach to explore the patients’ experiences and RT practitioners’ perceptions regarding the RT activities and leisure opportunities for the disabled. The action research technique facilitates knowledge development a s it allows the researcher to cooperate with the participants in the course of the research (Domholdt, 2005). Action research is used in studies involving human subjects and in real-life situations. It is cyclical and involves observation, brainstorming and self-reflection. To determine the physical activities and leisure opportunities appropriate for the disabled residents, it is important that the participants and the RT practitioners are involved (Navar, 1991). In this study, the experiences of the patient and the perceptions of the practitioners will be used to develop a care plan for the disabled. Thus, through this approach, the research will identify new activities and frameworks of health care delivery for disabled residents in a Geriatric Hospital. A total of 100 participants will be randomly selected from this residential facility. The sample participants will include patients and registered RT practitioners (certified RT practitioners). Data Collection In the proposed stu dy, the main instruments that will be used in data collection will be questionnaires. The questionnaires will aim to identify the perceptions and attitudes of the participants in the RT practice (Domholdt, 2005). Email notifications will be randomly sent to potential participants. Individuals will be included in the sample upon sending a confirmation email. The study will use two sets of questionnaires: (1) participant survey questionnaires; and (2) practitioner survey questionnaires. The core questions in the practitioner survey questionnaires will include: In your view, which RT activities improve the patient outcomes for the disabled? What leisure opportunities are available for the disabled in the care facility? Which set of activities (physical, spiritual and personality/self-esteem) improve the health outcomes of the participants? Does a multifaceted approach help achieve higher treatment outcomes than a single strategy? What advantages does intervention planning for disabled patients have over standard care? On the other hand, the main questions in the patient questionnaire will include: Do the physical activities with RT help improve your health? (Does not help, slightly, to some extent, very helpful) What are your experiences regarding the RT intervention in this facility? (Less helpful, helpful, very helpful) How can you rate the RT intervention services in this facility? (Very poor, poor, good, very good) How can you rate the effectiveness of the intervention? (Not effective, moderately effective, effective and very effective) This study will use the random sampling technique (Domholdt, 2005). Email notification will be sent to potential participants. Only disabled residents in the Geriatric Hospital will participate in this research. The participants, selected through the inclusion criteria mentioned above, will undergo a multifaceted intervention program conducted by certified RT professionals for a period of one month. Their views and the per ceptions of the practitioners about the intervention will be collected using structured questionnaires. Data analysis will involve a qualitative approach. The participants’ responses will be grouped into common themes (Domholdt, 2005). Sub-themes will be drawn from the major themes to further explain the client’s experiences of the RT intervention. The researcher will further analyze the sub-themes to identify the concerns and pressures related to RT practice in geriatric/special care settings. Techniques for Recording and Reporting the Findings The themes identified from the analysis of the participants’ responses will be compared with the patient-focused care (PFC) framework and the researcher’s notes. The RT activities identified will be recorded in the charts. This will guide future intervention planning for the disabled in long-term care facilities. Also, the themes identified from the patients’ responses will be used to develop a patient-focu sed, evidence-based care model that is specific to the organization (Donnelly, 2005). The new RT model will be published in recreational therapy and medical journals. Suggestions for the Future The proposed research will only focus on the residents’ experiences regarding a multi-faceted RT intervention and the RT practitioners’ perceptions about the intervention. A framework for organizing or planning recreational activities and leisure will be developed from the findings of the study. Future studies should focus on evaluation techniques for the new framework. Peer review of the framework will enable the researchers to assess the quality of the research. As Domholdt (2005) suggests, the participants should be involved in the evaluation of the new framework to ensure that the model reflects the actual experiences of the participants. This approach will also increase the RT practitioners’ ability to offer patient-focused care within the Geriatric Hospital setting. Incorporating the views and experiences of the disabled residents is a core element of the patient-focused care that guides recreational therapy practice in clinical care settings. References Buettner, L., Fitzsimmons, S. (2007). Introduction to evidence based recreation therapy. Annual in Therapeutic Recreation, 15(9), 12-19. Cameron, K., Ballantyne, S., Msot, A., Msot, M., Msot, T., Ludwig, F. (2005). Utilization of evidence-based practice of registered occupational therapists.  Occupational Therapy International, 12(3), 123-136. Carter, M.J, Van Andel, G.E., Robb, G.M (2003). Therapeutic Recreation –A practical  Approach. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc. Domholdt, E. (2005). Rehabilitation Research-Principles and Applications. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. Donnelly, W.J. (2005) Patient-centered medical care requires a patient-centered medical record. Academic medicine, 80(1), 33-38. Kinney, J.S., Kinney, T. Witman, J. (2004). Therapeutic recreation m odalities and facilitation techniques: A national study. Annual in Therapeutic Recreation, 13(2), 59-79 Mikhail, C.,Korner-Bitensky, N., Rossignol, M., Dumas, J. (2005). Physical Therapists’ Use of Interventions with High Evidence of Effectiveness in the Management of a Hypothetical Typical Patient With Acute Low Back Pain.  Physical Therapy, 85(11), 1151-1167 Navar, N. (1991). Advancing Therapeutic Recreation Through Quality  Assurance: A Perspective on the Changing Nature of Quality in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Ventura Publishing, Inc Parker, M.J. (2000). Evidence based case report: Managing an elderly patient with a fractured femur. British Medical Journal, 320(9), 102-103. Richeson, N. (2003). Effects of animal-assisted therapy on agitated behaviors and social interactions of older adults with dementia: an evidence-based therapeutic recreation intervention. American Journal of Recreation Therapy, 2(4), 9-16. Richeson, N.E., McCullough, W.T. (2002). An evidence-based animal-assisted therapy protocol and flow sheet for the geriatric recreation therapy practice.  American Journal of Recreation Therapy, 15(4), 241-251. Ross, J.E., Ashton-Shaeffer, M. (2003). Selecting and Designing Intervention  Programs for Outcomes. State College, PA.: Ventura Publishing, Inc. Shank, J., Coyle, C. (2002) Therapeutic recreation in health promotion and  rehabilitation. State College, PA: Venture Publishing. Spring, B. (2007). Evidence-based practice in clinical psychology: What it is, why it matters; what you need to know. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(7), 611-631. Stumbo, N.J. (2003). The Importance of Evidence-Based Practice in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Ventura Publishing, Inc. Townsend, A., Cox, S., Li, L. (2010). Qualitative Research Ethics: Enhancing Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy, 90(4), 615-628 Whitman, J.M., Flynn, T.W., Fritz J.M. (2003). Nonsurgical management of patients wi th lumbar spinal stenosis: a literature review and a case series of three patients managed with physical therapy. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Clinics of North America 14(3), 77-101. Wilhite, B., Biren, G., Spencer, L. (2012). Fitness intervention for adults with developmental disabilities and their caregivers. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 46(4), 245-267. This assessment on Therapeutic Recreation was written and submitted by user Lesly F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Therapeutic Recreation Introduction The prader-Willi syndrome results from the deletion or lack of expression of seven of the genes found on chromosome 15. It is as a result of disruptions in the paternal chromosome 15. Disruptions in similar regions of the maternal chromosome result in the Angelman Syndrome (Eiholzer, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Therapeutic Recreation – Prader-Willi Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People affected by the syndrome and its prevalence The syndrome’s incidence falls between 1out of 10,000 and 1 out of 25000 births that are live. It affects young children, adolescents and even adults. In some cases, it may affect fetuses developing in their mother’s wombs. Children suffering from the syndrome exhibit lethargy, retarded growth and coordination difficulties. They also sleep a lot and often experience difficulties during feeding. Adolescents may become obese and show slowness in development. Adults suffering from the syndrome also exhibit obesity and have a high tendency of suffering from diabetes mellitus (Whittington, Holland, 2004). Relationship to other medical disorders The chromosomal disruptions affect the hypothalamus’s function of regulating appetite. The patients therefore have an extreme appetite that is insatiable and the result is obesity. Raised ghrelin levels are also found in the patients. The elevated ghrelin levels have a direct relationship with the obesity and appetite. Diabetes mellitus is common in the patients. The patients also suffer from anxiety and psychiatric disorders. In some cases, patients get depression, paranoia and hallucinations which mostly result in hospitalization. A major characteristic of the syndrome is hypogonadism. Males have testes that are undescended. The situation may be self rectifying. If this does not happen, replacement of testosterone or surgery may be applied. Females have an adrenarc he that is premature and benign. The treatment used for this condition is the replacement of hormones. Patients of the syndrome exhibit a deficiency in growth hormones and are therefore short in stature (Whittington, Holland, 2004). Historical information and current research conducted Heinrich Willi, Guido Fanconi, Alexis Labhart, Andrea Prader and Andrew Zielger were the first people to explain the Prader -Willi Syndrome. This was done in the year 1956. It has been found that over 400, 000 people worldwide have the syndrome and this is a significantly large number.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research has been extremely useful in the diagnosis of the syndrome. This is done by carrying out tests of a genetic nature on the patients. Research has aided in the prevention of erroneous diagnosis because the symptoms of the Prader – Willi syndrome closely resemble those of Down syndrome. Although there is no known cure for the Prader Willi syndrome, various treatments are being used to deal with the symptoms exhibited by patients of the syndrome. These include therapies for improved speech and muscular tone in infants, injection of growth hormones to support growth and reduce the rate at which the patients gain weight. Research has also shown that machines can be used for proper passage of air in the respiratory tracts of extremely obese patients when they sleep (Eiholzer, 2005). Significance of the syndrome in the recreation and leisure field There are specific programs that have been implemented to ensure that patients suffering from the syndrome are well accommodated in the recreation and leisure field. These programs ensure the safety of patients. They also ensure that the patients are able to live a full life without feeling discriminated against. Such programs create forums for parents to voice their concerns during meetings. Families are ab le to share what they are going through and support each other by encouraging talk and sharing ideas on how to improve the life and health of patients. Where patients have retarded coordination, therapists are availed to assist. These facilities are able to exhibit professionalism as a result of proper management and leadership. The facilities are important as they ensure that the society lives in harmony without discrimination, regardless of the conditions that the various people are suffering from (Whittington, Holland, 2004). Conclusion There is a significant number of people suffering from the Prader – Willi syndrome and it is therefore necessary to ensure that their lives are protected. This is achieved by taking them for treatment and helping them to live as normally as they can (Eiholzer, 2005). References Eiholzer, U. (2005). Prader-willi syndrome: Coping with the disease – Living with those involved. Switzerland, S. Karger AG.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Therapeutic Recreation – Prader-Willi Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whittington, J., Holland, T. (2004). Prada –willi syndrome: Development and manifestations. New York, Cambridge University Press. This report on Therapeutic Recreation – Prader-Willi Syndrome was written and submitted by user Makhi Steele to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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An Acute Upper Respiratory Infection Health And Social Care Essay Health is an asset and is more valuable than wealth. But, mans triumph in controlling a single disease is always associated with the emergence of a new disease. Acute upper respiratory infection is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children throughout the world, particularly in developing countries. In developing countries, a children under 5 years of age dies every 7 seconds due to acute respiratory infection. In both the developed and developing countries 20-30 episodes of ARI occurs during the first 5 years of life in a child. About 4 Â ½ million children die due to ARI which accounts for about 30% of all deaths in children (Behara D, 1995). Lahiri and Nadkarni (2001) say that ARI accounts for 20 25% of deaths among under five and 15-30% of total deaths. In a sample survey, pneumonia ranked first in all ages. 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The government of India in its policy document of health for all by 2000 A.D recommends the ARI control program me to reduce infant and pre-school child mortality. (Tambe MP, Shivaram.C, Chandrashekhar.Y. Acute upper respiratory infection in children a survey I the rural community, 1999). The symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infection include rhinitis, pharngitis/ tonsillitis often referred to as a common cold and their complications sinusitis, ear infection, laryngitis and sometimes bronchitis. Symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection are cough, sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, headache, low grade fever, facial pressure and sneezing. Onset of the symptoms usually begins 1 3 days after the exposure to a microbial pathogen. The duration of illness lasts for 7 -10 days. (WIKipedia, the free encyclopedia 2000). Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) also includes pneumonia, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), causes 4.25 million deaths every year. ARIs accounts for third largest causes of mortality in the world and the top killer in low and middle-income countries. Acute upper respiratory infection causes at least 6 percentages of the worlds disability and death. These deaths occur mainly in the worlds poorest countries, where the drives of acute upper respiratory infection, includes malnutrition, pollution, overcrowding, and tobacco use. The death due to pneumonia is 215 times higher in low-income countries 3 million to 5 million people suffer from flu every year The most common source of respiratory illness in children is Respiratory Syncitial Virus. Acute upper respiratory infection affects people infected with HIV. The main cause for 20 percent to 40 percent of all hospitalizations in childhood is due to Acute Respiratory Infection. Pneumonia causes 20 percent of all pediatric deaths around the world -1.6 million in 2008, and, 732,000 children die from malaria and 200,000 from HIV/ AIDS every year. Respiratory Syncitial Virus kills at least 66,000 children every year. (Acute respiratory infections Atlas 2010). Researchers from the universita delgi reported that bacteria in the mouth offer probiotic potential against upper respiratory tract infections. There is only a minimal understanding of internal communication between human hosts and their microbes is available,it is of an idea that probiotics are live microorganism which promote health within their host. The benefits of probiotics are predominantly explored so far in the intestinal tract; but,few studies suggest probiotics also promote wellness in the stomach, vaginal tract, skin and mouth. The leading cause of visits to the pediatrician is due to upper respiratory infection in children between the ages of 5 and 12. The main cause for upper respiratory infection is Streptococcus pyogenes and the only treatment available at present is antibiotics, where it prescription rates are running up to 90 percent. Bacteria from the mouths of healthy volunteers were isolated and identified two potential probiotic bacterial strains named Streptococcus salivarius RS1 an ST3. The recently developed oral probiotic prototype and these two strains bound to human pharyngeal cells and responsibe for antagonizing of S. Pyogenes adhesion and growth. Additionally, all these strains were sensitive to antibiotics which are used routinely for treating upper respiratory tract infection. Only about 1 percent of development funding was spent on research on Acute Respiratory Infection in 2007, than the amount spent on HIV related research. Some of the low-cost strategies are available which can be implemented immediately whereas,others require longer term efforts. The strategies mentioned are: Effective distribution of nutritional supplements, vaccination programs, Dissemination of knowledge by public awareness campaigns, Tobacco use to be reduced. Identifying efficient ways to produce vaccines and the distribution need to be strengthened. (Acute respiratory infections Atlas 2010). The supportive therapy of sore throat is gargling with lukewarm saline solution, steam in inhalation, not forcing the child to eat and giving frequent small amount of warm liquid. Tulsi or the loly basil is one of the most common herbs used in cough related remedies. It maintains the health of the throat chest and lungs. In fact, it helps to protect the entire respiratory tract. NEED FOR THE STUDY Literature highlights are increasing incidence of ARI as a major health problem for under five children and health experts advocate alternative therapies like lukewarm saline solution, steam inhalation to treat ARI rather than medication alone. A survey conducted in the rural community regarding respiratory tract infections says that the delay in receiving medical care is considered to learn important reason for the high mortality related to acute respiratory infections in the developing countries. Far distance of the hospital was the main reason for not receding treatment followed by ignorance, family problems etc. Those reasons may force the parents to seek treatment from other alternate resources. The rural medical practitioners are often not institutionally qualified and hence are frequently not able to select and use appropriate antibiotics in adequate dosage for proper duration for the treatment of acute respiratory infections, making the outcome unfavorable in many children. Sensitive use of antibiotics can decrease the adverse effects of it and also the costs spent towards it. Decreased antibiotic usage benefits the patient by reducing the rise of drug resistant bacteria, which is now concerned as a problem in the world nowadays. Health authorities are encouraging physicians to reduce the prescription of antibiotic to treat common Upper Respiratory Infection due to above reasons. (National Center for health statistics 2008) Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) accounts significant health burden among children.An average child suffers from six to eight attacks of colds each year, where, each attack lasts for seven to nine days. While children are frequently given drugs such as antihistamines, cough suppressants and decongestants, to reduce symptoms, there is no such effectiveness by these medications among children younger than 12 years. The drugs which prescribed for respiratory tract infections are antibiotics, all these antibiotics are not providing much protection against respiratory infections which in turn becomes a sign of future asthma. This again becomes difficulty to attribute antibiotic use in case of asthma. (Anita Kozyrskyj, PhD, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB 2010). When young children affected with both respiratory and non respiratory infections, the antibiotic is the one which is being prescribed frequently. (Mark J.Rosen, MD, FCCP, President, American college of chest Physicians 2010).These physicians came with the conclusion that better decisions for treatment option for respiratory infection can be made only if physicians understand clearly the relationship between asthma and antibiotic use. Tulsi has an important role to play in treating the symptoms of respiratory tract diseases. It acts regularly on phlegm hence it works as a good expectorant giving relief from wet cough. It helps to fight the cause of allergy by which our respiratory tract gets inflamed and then resolves the causative agent. It is anti-inflammatory. It promotes optimum respiratory support. It is an excellent remedy for sore throat and fever. The investigator during her clinical exposure in the community observed that 50% of the under five population is suffering from acute upper respiratory infections. The investigator observed that mothers with under five (child affected with AURI) seeking medical treatment only in case when AURI becomes severe. Mothers in this community ignoring treatment when their children affected with mild AURI and also they are unaware about home remedy for treating the symptoms of AURI. The investigator also identified that reason for seeking treatment only in the severe AURI by the mothers with under five is due to far distance of the health care facilities and also due to poor transportation facilities. And even if mothers seek medical treatment, antibiotics are being prescribed and it is not advisable as per study conducted by (National centre for health statistics 2008). So, the investigator found it is useful to a conduct a research in this community to find the effectiveness to Tulsi on upper respiratory tract infection among under five with upper respiratory infection, where this herb is commonly available and is of no cost. STATEMENT OF THE STUDY A study to assess the effectiveness of steam inhalation with Tulsi leaves on signs and symptoms and behavioral responses of children aged 6 months to 2 years with acute upper respiratory infection at home in a rural community, Coimbatore. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to assess whether there was a reduction in the signs and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infection and changes in behavioral responses of the children who received steam inhalation compared to children who did not receive steam inhalation. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To assess and compare the degree of acute upper respiratory infection in experimental and control group after intervention. To assess and compare the behavioral responses of children with acute upper respiratory infection in experimental and control group after intervention. To find out the mothers views about steam inhalation with Tulsi leaves. To find out the association between the degree of acute upper respiratory infection demographic variables (Age, sex, immunization status, education of mother, total income of the family). HYPOTHESIS H1 There will be a significant difference in the degree of acute upper respiratory infection between the experimental and control group after intervention. H2 there will be a significant difference in the behavioral responses between experimental and control group after intervention. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Effectiveness Producing the desired or intended result which is the reduction of symptoms of mild and moderate acute upper respiratory infection and duration of the infection. Steam inhalation with Tulsi 1 liter of water is boiled in a wide mounted receptacle and Tulsi leaves are added to it. The steam coming out of it is breathed by the child while mother is sitting in front of the steam holding the child with head covered. Signs Changes which are observed by the researcher with naked eyes. Symptoms Changes that are noticed by the mother and reported on asking Behavioral responses The reaction of the child in terms of activities such as smiling, walking, running, eating and playing. Acute upper respiratory tract infection (AURI) It is inflammation of the upper respiratory tract involving nose, pharynx and tonsils and manifesting signs and symptoms like runny nose, sneezing, tearing eyes, itching of the nose, pink and shiny nasal mucosa, red and swollen throat, cough, fever and fatigue. Based on the signs and symptoms, AURI is classified as mild moderate and severe AURI. In mild AURI. The symptoms are runny nose, sneezing, tearing eyes, itching of the nose, pink and shiny nasal mucosa, and presence of crusts on the nose and fever. In moderate ARUI, the symptoms are red swollen throat, cough along with the symptoms of mild AURI. In severe AURI, the symptoms are inflamed and enlarged tonsils, pus within the fold of the tonsils, pain during swallowing and pain in the symptoms of mild and moderate AURI. ASSUMPTIONS Acute upper respiratory infections are very common among under five children in urban and rural community. Mothers follow certain home remedies like application of Vicks and Camphor over chest, over head and nose and administration of milk with turmeric and pepper and sugar. Caring children with respiratory infection home in the community is influenced by personal and socio-cultural factors. Children with acute upper respiratory infection mostly treated at home with home remedies which varies from one community to another DELIMITATION The study is delimited to children aged 6months to 2 years The study is delimited to children suffering from mild to moderate acute upper respiratory infections. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The degree of AURI, duration of infection and behavioral response are assessed in AURI children before and after intervention. If there is a significant reduction in the degree, duration and changes in the behavioral responses of experimental group of sample, then it is the clear indication effectiveness of steam inhalation with Tulsi leaves. Teaching steam inhalation is very simple and it can be practiced very easily. If the mothers are able to administer the steam inhalation with Tulsi for their infected children without any difficulties, and if this intervention is acceptable it is clearly indicate the utility value of Tulsi leaves for acute upper respiratory tract infection children. The findings will be beneficial to health practices to motivate mothers with AURI infected children and to promote health life. Conceptual framework A conceptual model can be defined as a set of concepts and those assumptions that integrate them into a meaningful configuration (Fewett, 1980). The development of a concept model is a fundamental process required before conducting actual research. The frame work influence each state of research process. The conceptual framework in nursing research can help to provide a clear concise idea of knowledge in the area. Conceptual framework for this study nursing process model based on Dorothy E.Johnsons Behavioral system theory (1980). According to Johnson, nursing views the individual as a set of interconnected or inter-dependent parts functioning as a integrated whole. Johnson identified seven subsystems. The subsystems are affiliation, aggressive, dependency, eliminative, ingestive, restorative, and sexual. The subsystems carry out special function for the system as a whole. Disturbance in any of the subsystem usually affects the other. The steps of the nursing process in incorporated with the Dorothy Johnsons Behavioral system model. Nursing process is a deliberate activity where the proactive of nursing is performed in a systematic order. Dorothy Johnsons presents a three step nursing process, the steps are entitled nursing diagnosis which parallel the assessment and diagnosis phase, the second step nursing goal equal to the implementation and third step is evaluation. This study focused on children and the dependency system which is one among the subsystems which result in approval, attention, recognition, and physical assistance. ASSESSMENT Assessment is the process of collecting data regarding each subsystem. In this study, the assessment was done in the dependency subsystem. Data on demographic profile (age, sex, immunization status, education of the mother, income of the family) was collected. The children were examined for signs and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infection and behavior responses of the children were collected by interviewing the childrens mother. DIAGNOSIS Through assessment from the subsystem problems are identified and diagnosis is made and it provides basis for nursing intervention. In this study the data collected through observation and interview using interview schedule and observation checklist was analyzed the diagnosis is made on acute upper respiratory infection and categorized into mild, moderate and no infection. NURSING GOALS (PLANNING) After diagnosis is made the goal is to maintain or restore the persons behavioral system balance and stability through planning interventions. In this study, the goal was to reduce the degree acute upper respiratory infection and to restore the high level of activity (behavioral responses). In this study the planning occurs when the children and a nurse identify activities and bring about dependency system equilibrium. INTERVENTION Nursing activity as an external regulatory force assists the equilibrium. Based on the diagnosis, nursing actions and intervention can be planned in terms of teaching, external control or providing responses needed by the client. In this study, the nursing activity was the administration of steam inhalation therapy with Tulsi leaves the children in the experimental group for a period of time brings about change in the degree of acute upper respiratory infection. EVALUATION Evaluation refers to checking the subsystems identified as problematic for balance and overall system stability. In this study, the investigator compared the degree of acute upper respiratory infection of the experimental group children with the control group by using criteria and evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention by observing the signs and symptoms of infection and the report given by mothers of the children. Figure 1 Highlights the conceptual framework on modified nursing process based on Dorothy Johnsons Behavioral system model.

Observations on Emersons Self-Reliance :: Emersons Self Reliance Essays

Observations on Self-Reliance "Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles ." This quotation forms the closing two lines of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self Reliance". I am greatly enlightened by his ideas in this article. "Trust thyself" was his advice and many Americans listened. They not only listened in Emerson's lifetime, but his individualistic concepts have reverberated up to the present time. After reading the ideas expressed in "Self-Reliance", I have come to believe that self-reliance is the most important factor in my life. Emerson believes that a man should not be what he is not. "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide." If a man is envious of other people, he will ignore all merits of himself. If a man imitates other people, he will lose his identity - like suicide. It is common to find a woman like me envious of other people. I am jealous if a girl in the class is more beautiful than I. I am jealous if a classmate gets a higher score on tests. I am jealous if my neighbor has a better car. But as I always find out, when I praise the girl, people will say "you are beautiful, too"; when I praise the classmate, people will say "remember you got a higher score last time"; when I praise the car of the neighbor, people will say "he spent money that he did not have". There is always a "the better side" of myself, which I cannot see because it is hindered by my own jealousy. Imitation is the result of jealousy. When I was in high school, I tried to imitate a girl in my class because I thought she was pretty cool. I bought the same dress, the same shoes, had the same hair style, and tried to act the same way. After one month, I was considered the least cool person in the class. I did not get what I wanted, but instead, lost what I had already had. I was born in a Christian Chinese family in Beijing, China. Under the strict rules of my mother, I began learning piano and Kung-fu when I was six, and many other things other children did not learn. From then on, I was always told to be the best, and I always thought I was the best. Observations on Emerson's Self-Reliance :: Emerson's Self Reliance Essays Observations on Self-Reliance "Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles ." This quotation forms the closing two lines of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self Reliance". I am greatly enlightened by his ideas in this article. "Trust thyself" was his advice and many Americans listened. They not only listened in Emerson's lifetime, but his individualistic concepts have reverberated up to the present time. After reading the ideas expressed in "Self-Reliance", I have come to believe that self-reliance is the most important factor in my life. Emerson believes that a man should not be what he is not. "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide." If a man is envious of other people, he will ignore all merits of himself. If a man imitates other people, he will lose his identity - like suicide. It is common to find a woman like me envious of other people. I am jealous if a girl in the class is more beautiful than I. I am jealous if a classmate gets a higher score on tests. I am jealous if my neighbor has a better car. But as I always find out, when I praise the girl, people will say "you are beautiful, too"; when I praise the classmate, people will say "remember you got a higher score last time"; when I praise the car of the neighbor, people will say "he spent money that he did not have". There is always a "the better side" of myself, which I cannot see because it is hindered by my own jealousy. Imitation is the result of jealousy. When I was in high school, I tried to imitate a girl in my class because I thought she was pretty cool. I bought the same dress, the same shoes, had the same hair style, and tried to act the same way. After one month, I was considered the least cool person in the class. I did not get what I wanted, but instead, lost what I had already had. I was born in a Christian Chinese family in Beijing, China. Under the strict rules of my mother, I began learning piano and Kung-fu when I was six, and many other things other children did not learn. From then on, I was always told to be the best, and I always thought I was the best.

Gst in Malaysia

Goods and Services Tax (GST) GST is a consumption tax based on the value-added concept. GST is imposed on goods and services at every production and distribution stage in the supply chain including importation of goods and services. The GST implementation is part of the government’s tax reform program to enhance the capability, effectiveness and transparency of tax administration and management. The Government has not determined the implementation date of GST in Malaysia. Presently, the Government is actively involved in providing awareness and knowledge on the concept and rules regarding GST implementation.If GST is implemented, the Government will provide ample time between 18 to 24 months for the businesses and industries to prepare themselves for the implementation of GST. At the moment, the government has not fixed the GST rate to be imposed in Malaysia. Nevertheless, the social and pricing impact studies conducted by the Ministry of Finance indicated that the suitable GS T rate is in the range of 4%. GST is a more comprehensive, effective, transparent, and business friendly tax system. GST can overcome the various weaknesses inherent in the present consumption tax system.The inherent weaknesses under the present tax system are the cascading tax, double tax and pyramiding tax, tax erosion and leakages through transfer pricing and other means. Besides that, GST is expected to increase tax compliance and is easier to administer in view of its self policing method. Besides that, the businesses are required only to submit simplified tax returns based on prescribed formats. All records and documents relating to the relevant transaction are required to be kept in the business premises for audit by the GST auditor.How does GST work? GST is charged and collected on all taxable goods and services produced in the country including imports. Only businesses registered under GST can charge and collect GST. GST collected on output must be remitted to the governmen t. However, businesses are allowed to claim the input tax credit through the following mechanism and method:- i. GST collected on output (output tax) is deducted against the GST paid on input (input tax). ii. If there is excess, the amount shall be remitted to the government within the stipulated period. ii. If there is deficit, businesses can claim for refund from the government. GST can only be collected by persons who are registered under GST and the tax shall be remitted to the government within the stipulated period. In principle, the GST is not a cost to business as the GST paid on the business inputs can be claimed as tax credit. As such, it is estimated that the cost of doing business will decrease by an amount of RM4. 3 billion inclusive of a saving of RM1. 4 billion by exporters on their business inputs.The reduction in the business costs will make the local products and services more competitive in the domestic and international markets. In addition, the GST is expected t o improve tax compliance and is easier to administer due to its self-policing feature. With GST, bureaucracy in the government’s delivery system will be significantly reduced. Based on a GST rate of 4%, it is expected that there will be a price reduction between 0. 08% to 2. 71% in respect of eight components of goods and services.With this price reduction, the rakyat will benefit from the cheaper goods and services such as clothing and footwear, basic food, communication, furnishings, hardware and maintenance, transport, housing, water, electricity, gas and fuel. The tax burden borne by the rakyat and consumers is expected to be lower compared with that under the present tax system. This is due to the reason that various basic needs such as rice, sugar, flour, cooking oil, vegetables, fish, meat, eggs, and essential services such as public transport, private education and health, residential properties and agricultural land are not subject to GST.What are the measures undert aken by the government to ensure a smooth GST implementation? The government will give the businesses ample time to be ready for GST implementation. GST awareness and education programmes will be conducted on an on-going basis until the GST is implemented. In its effort to disseminate GST information to the general public, the government has set up a Customs call centre which will be operational at Kelana Jaya, Selangor.In addition, various industry guides will be issued as guidance to the industries relating to the GST treatment and procedures pertaining to specific industries. The Customs Department will conduct visits to business premises to provide assistance and advisory services to ensure that businesses fully understand the GST rules and procedure. The government will also ensure that the GST computerization system is fully operational before the GST implementation. The test run for the pilot project relating to the early registration process will be conducted six months befo re the GST implementation date.