Causes of Political Disaffection and Disengagement

Causes of Political Disaffection and Disengagement Is the British political class to blame for political disaffection and disengagement? The Founding Fathers suggested that a democracy can only come to impartial decisions if both high levels of representation and deliberation take place (Gargarella, 1998). As a result of growing political disengagement and disaffection within contemporary British politics, there is a growing, â€Å"focus on the quality of representative democracy in Britain and on the quality of participatory democracy† (Kelso, 2007, p365) – the relationship that has been recognised is that political disaffection and disengagement are not conducive with an impartial democracy. Worryingly, both the Hansard Society’s annual, ‘ Audit of Political Engagement’ (2017), and a recent House of Commons briefing paper, ‘Political disengagement in the UK: who is disengaged?† (2017), suggest that political disaffection and disengagement are growing issues; knowledge of politics is down six percent from the previous year (49%), the level of trust in Government ‘to put the needs of the nation first’ has dropped to 17% (2013) and trust in the credibility of MPs stands at a measly 9%. These figures indicate that there is indeed an issue of disaffection and disengagement within the UK, thus, to determine if the political class or instead, something else is responsible, it becomes necessary to investigate what the cause of disengagement and disaffection is within specific subsections of the population; especially those who are more likely to become disengaged from politics – the ‘disaffected democrats’ (Flinders, 2015). These factions include demographics such as the ‘working class’ and ‘18-24 year olds’, both of which account for low levels of knowledge in politics compared to the average mentioned above; 29% and 33% respectively (Hansard Society 2017). The term ‘political class’ is conten tious and, ‘is still not thoroughly developed in literature’ (Manolov 2013). Allen that the term political class is used to identify certain, ‘flawed characteristics’, that elected politicians tend to hold, those being: â€Å"Limited roots in local constituencies, inexperience of the real world, inability to reï ¬â€šect the social background of the voting population, inability to represent devolved and English regions, and their tendency to engage in a style of politics that is off-putting to the general public.† (Allen Phillips (1995), most notably suggested that the electorate tends to favour those that are, â€Å"best equipped to represent† (Wà ¤ngerud, 2009, p.52), their views – those that can empathise directly with their electorate. Underrepresentation is an issue for a much wider demographic than just the working class. Just 8% of MPs identify as BME (British Future, 2017) whilst the population of BME citizens in the UK stand s at 13% (Census, 2011). Furthermore, just 2% of MPs are under the age of 30 (Total Politics, 2016) whereas those who are of voting age under 30 make up 8.4% (Census, 2011). As the political class is not representative of the working class, or if it fails to represent minorities proportionally, there is no sense of, ‘impartiality’, within the representative process (Gargarella, 1998), resulting in political disaffection and potentially even disengagement.

Responsibility to Protect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Responsibility to Protect - Essay Example Responsibility to protect states that (Welsh 2004, p.12): a) A state is responsible for the protection of its population against mass atrocities; b) It is the responsibility of the international community to help the state in case it is incapable of protecting its population by its own; c) In case the state fails in protecting its citizens against mass atrocities, along with peaceful actions have not succeeded, then it is the international community's duty to arbitrate through compelled measures like economic sanctions; nonetheless, military intervention happens to the last resort. According to the international community, responsibility to protect is a custom, rather than a law. Responsibility to protect presents a framework the utilization of the tools that are already in existance, i.e. mediation, powers of chapter Vii, initial warning mechanisms, along with economic sanctioning, in the deterrence of mass atrocities. Therefore, different institutions such as states, the civil soci ety organizations, international institutions and regional organizations play a significant role in the process of responsibility to protect. ... According to paragraph 138, every State is responsible for the protection of its populations against crimes against humanity, genocide, ethnic cleansing and war crimes. This responsibility consists of the prevention of crimes like incitement, by all means possible and necessary. Each state must accept that responsibility, while, at the same time, acting in accord with it. On the other hand, it is the international community's duty of appropriately encouraging, as well as assisting states in exercising this responsibility while in support of the United Nations within the organization of an early warning capability. On the other hand, paragraph 139 asserts that the international community, by means of the United Nations, is responsible of using suitable diplomatic, humanitarian, as well as other peaceful means, in accord with the Charters Chapters Vi and VIII, in helping in the protection of populations from crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide, crimes of ethnic cleansing, as we ll as war crimes. Therefore, the international community makes preparation for taking communal action, in a manner that is timely, as well as decisive manner, via the Security Council, in accord with Chapter Vii of the Charter, on the basis of a case by case, and in collaboration with pertinent regional organizations as suitable, should peaceful means turn out to be inadequate while failure of national authorities in protecting their populations from crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide, crimes of ethnic cleansing, as well as war crimes. It is imperative for the General Assembly to continuously put into consideration the responsibility of protecting populations against crimes against humanity, genocide, ethnic cleansing and war crimes, along

Write choose topic but lets me konw asap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Write choose topic but lets me konw asap - Essay Example I sincerely thank to participants who responded to the study besides my family and friends who also boosted my confidence in taking up the study. Objective: The objective of the study was to define the issues related with cultural diversity. This study will describe about the problems as well as benefits faced by Marks & Spencer (M&S) in Wu Han. The study also defined the culture of Wu Han where M&S wishes to expand its operations. Methodology: In this study, research was conducted by implementing the mixed approach. Accordingly, both qualitative and quantitative data were used for the purpose of the study, taking into account the literature review method and the questionnaire survey tool to gather information. This research method helps to generate accurate and possible outcome from the research. Finding: From the research, it was identified that various factors of cultural diversity play a vital role for M&S in Wu Han. Employee problems are the most important thus, which imposes significant impact on the work environment in M&S in Wu Han. Conclusion: In this paper, the problems related with cultural diversity, was found to impose a strong effect on work environment, which could have minimized with the proper management strategy. Employee motivation and making employees flexible for any kind of changes in work are very important. The findings thus highlighted a number of benefits, which enhanced the responsibilities of employees and improved serviceability for M&S. Marks & Spencer’s, also known as M&S, is a multinational retailer company that specializes in dealing with multiple products and services (1Marks and Spencer plc, 2015). M&S is headquartered in London with its subsidiary retail chains scattered across the globe. M&S was established in the year 1884 and later transformed itself from a single market shop to multiple-chain retail store (3Marks and Spencer plc, 2015). Products and services sold by M&S were widely accepted across the